AID Must Consider Social Factors in Establishing Cooperatives in Developing Countries

Cooperatives are seen as one way to improve the effectiveness of U.S. foreign assistance in developing countries by enabling the urban and rural poor to help themselves. The efforts by the Agency for International Development (AID) to foster cooperatives have not been uniformly successful. The primary reason is that AID has not adequately considered the complex political, cultural, and economic factors affecting the development of cooperatives at the basic levels. AID provided $27.4 million in fiscal year 1978 and $35.0 million in 1979 to encourage cooperatives in developing countries. GAO reviewed programs in the Philippines, where AID is assisting farmer irrigation organizations and regional marketing cooperatives; Paraguay, where AID is sponsoring a private central cooperative, CREDICOOP, which provides credit assistance to 29 rural cooperatives; and Liberia, where AID has provided funding for a farmer cooperative system. Strong local institutions are important to assure that farmers participate in and benefit from AID-supported cooperatives. AID programs have not devoted sufficient effort to this aspect. Developing-country governments must be asked to provide appropriate legislative framework, financial support for building warehouses and processing facilities or capital for loan funds, and budget support for those agencies charged with organizing cooperatives and providing training. They also need to intervene to prevent domination by traditional elites, such as landowners and middlemen. Farmer organizations tend to do better when organized around specific goals that can be achieved quickly as a group effort. AID reports to Congress do not examine what actual benefits, if any, cooperatives or their members receive. They measure success in terms of increased sales volume and membership, they do not determine how many members are active or if economic benefits are distributed equitably. They have not provided significant data on key issues, such as how cooperatives can better serve farmers, how a broad sharing of benefits can be achieved, or what other steps can be taken by the host governments, cooperatives, and AID for effective development of cooperatives.

Assistance to irrigation cooperatives in the Phillipines has concentrated on building a network of strong local-level organizations. Success of the system is attributable, in part, to its ability to quickly deliver a tangible benefit as well as the intensive field support provided to the individual associations. Minimal assistance is directed toward the village institutions which form the base of the system, and fieldworkers have difficulty in providing the needed support. Strong village societies are essential to the success of the cooperative credit and marketing system. These societies may be strengthened with additional technical and financial resources. AID assistance to CREDICOOP in Paraguay has provided needed input and services to farmers and advances have been made in the development of a self-sufficient institution. However, self-sufficiency problems in the rural cooperatives which predate the creation of CREDICOOP continue. AID actions have not been satisfactory. The inclusion of nonfarm members has provided additional resources to the system, but continuing the balance without the infusion of external capital is an issue which needs to be addressed by project managers. The operation of the cooperative system has been dependent on host-government support and favorable prices and export demand for the principle crop, cotton. Any unfavorable changes in the political climate or the cotton market could have a devistating impact on the cooperative system. In Liberia, efforts to build a cooperative system responsive to farmer needs have met with little success so far.

Recommendations

Our recommendations from this work are listed below with a Contact for more information. Status will change from "In process" to "Open," "Closed - implemented," or "Closed - not implemented" based on our follow up work.

Director: No director on record Team: No team on record Phone: No phone on record