School Meal Programs
Experiences of the States and Districts That Eliminated Reduced-price Fees Gao ID: GAO-09-584 July 17, 2009In fiscal year 2008, about 31 million children participated in the National School Lunch Program and more than 10 million children participated in the School Breakfast Program each school day. The U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) spent $11.7 billion on the school meal programs in that year. The majority of school meals are provided for free or at a reduced price to low-income students. Some states and school districts have chosen to implement programs that eliminate the reduced-price fee (known as ERP programs) and instead provide free meals to students eligible for the reduced fee. GAO was asked to provide information on (1) what is known about the states and districts that have eliminated the reduced-price fee for school meals, (2) the experiences of states and districts that have ERP programs with respect to participation, errors, and costs, and (3) the factors that may help or hinder the establishment or continuation of ERP programs. To obtain this information, GAO interviewed FNS officials, interviewed officials from state- and district-level programs, and conducted a Web-based survey of the 35 districts identified as having ERP programs. However, because the universe of ERP programs is unknown, survey results cannot be generalized to all districts with ERP programs. USDA did not provide formal written comments, but FNS provided technical comments, which were incorporated where appropriate.
GAO identified 5 states and an additional 35 school districts in 19 other states that eliminated the reduced-price fee for school meals, primarily to increase participation or reduce hunger. States and districts eliminated reduced-price fees for either breakfast or lunch or, in some cases, for both meals. Further, some ERP programs included all grades, and some covered only the early school years. One state- and most district-level officials GAO interviewed or surveyed reported that ERP programs have increased the rate of participation among students who are eligible for reduced-price meals. Participation may increase for a number of reasons; however, for those districts that implemented ERP programs in the most recently completed school year (2007-2008) and provided participation data, their average increase in the participation rate among reduced-price-eligible students was greater than the national change in this rate over the same year. ERP programs involve additional costs to states and districts, as they bear the cost of the reduced-price fees that these students otherwise would have paid. For the state and district ERP programs that experienced increased participation, FNS reimbursements, and thus federal costs, also increased. While the increased reimbursements partially offset program costs, state ERP programs covered their remaining costs with state funds and districts used a variety of revenue sources. The majority of district-level officials reported that their districts experienced benefits from the ERP programs, such as a decrease in the burden on staff to collect unpaid meal fees from reduced-price-eligible students who received school meals but who charged these meals and built up a balance of unpaid meal fees. State officials GAO interviewed cited support from legislators and nonprofit organizations in establishing ERP programs in state law. Supportive school boards and superintendents were a major factor in establishing district-level programs. Most state officials indicated that a loss of state funding would threaten program continuation, while some district-level officials indicated they would try to raise additional revenue or reduce expenditures to cover program costs. As of late 2008, officials from all 5 states and most district-level ERP programs planned to continue their programs.
GAO-09-584, School Meal Programs: Experiences of the States and Districts That Eliminated Reduced-price Fees
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Report to the Chairman, Committee on Education and Labor, House of
Representatives:
United States Government Accountability Office:
GAO:
July 2009:
School Meal Programs:
Experiences of the States and Districts That Eliminated Reduced-price
Fees:
School Meal Programs:
GAO-09-584:
GAO Highlights:
Highlights of GAO-09-584, a report to the Chairman, Committee on
Education and Labor, House of Representatives.
Why GAO Did This Study:
In fiscal year 2008, about 31 million children participated in the
National School Lunch Program and more than 10 million children
participated in the School Breakfast Program each school day. The U.S.
Department of Agriculture‘s (USDA) Food and Nutrition Service (FNS)
spent $11.7 billion on the school meal programs in that year. The
majority of school meals are provided for free or at a reduced price to
low-income students. Some states and school districts have chosen to
implement programs that eliminate the reduced-price fee (known as ERP
programs) and instead provide free meals to students eligible for the
reduced fee. GAO was asked to provide information on (1) what is known
about the states and districts that have eliminated the reduced-price
fee for school meals, (2) the experiences of states and districts that
have ERP programs with respect to participation, errors, and costs, and
(3) the factors that may help or hinder the establishment or
continuation of ERP programs. To obtain this information, GAO
interviewed FNS officials, interviewed officials from state- and
district-level programs, and conducted a Web-based survey of the 35
districts identified as having ERP programs. However, because the
universe of ERP programs is unknown, survey results cannot be
generalized to all districts with ERP programs. USDA did not provide
formal written comments, but FNS provided technical comments, which
were incorporated where appropriate.
What GAO Found:
GAO identified 5 states and an additional 35 school districts in 19
other states that eliminated the reduced-price fee for school meals,
primarily to increase participation or reduce hunger. States and
districts eliminated reduced-price fees for either breakfast or lunch
or, in some cases, for both meals. Further, some ERP programs included
all grades, and some covered only the early school years.
One state- and most district-level officials GAO interviewed or
surveyed reported that ERP programs have increased the rate of
participation among students who are eligible for reduced-price meals.
Participation may increase for a number of reasons; however, for those
districts that implemented ERP programs in the most recently completed
school year (2007-2008) and provided participation data, their average
increase in the participation rate among reduced-price-eligible
students was greater than the national change in this rate over the
same year. ERP programs involve additional costs to states and
districts, as they bear the cost of the reduced-price fees that these
students otherwise would have paid. For the state and district ERP
programs that experienced increased participation, FNS reimbursements,
and thus federal costs, also increased. While the increased
reimbursements partially offset program costs, state ERP programs
covered their remaining costs with state funds and districts used a
variety of revenue sources. The majority of district-level officials
reported that their districts experienced benefits from the ERP
programs, such as a decrease in the burden on staff to collect unpaid
meal fees from reduced-price-eligible students who received school
meals but who charged these meals and built up a balance of unpaid meal
fees.
State officials GAO interviewed cited support from legislators and
nonprofit organizations in establishing ERP programs in state law.
Supportive school boards and superintendents were a major factor in
establishing district-level programs. Most state officials indicated
that a loss of state funding would threaten program continuation, while
some district-level officials indicated they would try to raise
additional revenue or reduce expenditures to cover program costs. As of
late 2008, officials from all 5 states and most district-level ERP
programs planned to continue their programs.
View [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-584] or key
components. For more information, contact Kay E. Brown, (202) 512-7215,
brownke@gao.gov.
[End of section]
Contents:
Letter:
Background:
Some States and Districts Eliminated the Reduced-price Fee to Increase
Participation or Reduce Hunger:
One State and Most Districts That Eliminated the Reduced-price Fee
Reported Increased Participation, Which Partially Offset Program Costs:
Supportive State Legislators and District School Boards Helped
Establish ERP Programs, but Fiscal Challenges Could Hinder Program
Continuation:
Agency Comments and Our Evaluation:
Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology:
Appendix II: Universal Free Meals Programs under Alternative USDA
Special Assistance Provisions:
Appendix III: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments:
Tables:
Table 1: FNS Per Meal Reimbursement Rates for the NSLP and SBP, School
Year 2008-2009:
Table 2: Income Eligibility Guidelines for Free and Reduced-price Meals
for Selected Household Sizes, School Year 2008-2009:
Table 3: Increases in Student Participation in School Lunch and
Breakfast, by Meal Category, Fiscal Years 1998 to 2008:
Table 4: Profile of State-and District-level ERP Programs:
Table 5: Meals Served in State-and District-level ERP Programs:
Table 6: District-level ERP Programs: Change in School Meal
Participation Rates among Reduced-price-eligible Students since ERP
Program Was Implemented:
Table 7: Effect of ERP Programs on Administrative Burden on Staff:
Table 8: SFA Officials' Views on the Effect of ERP Programs on
Students' Attitudes about and Parents' Level of Satisfaction with
School Meals:
Table 9: SFA Officials' Views on the Effect of ERP Programs on
Students' Academic Performance:
Table 10: Comparison of Key Aspects of Standard School Meal Programs,
Provision 2, Provision 3, and Elimination of Reduced-price Fee (ERP)
Programs:
Figures:
Figure 1: Flow of School Meal Program Revenue to SFAs:
Figure 2: Percentage of School Lunches and Breakfasts Served by Meal
Category, Fiscal Year 2008:
Figure 3: Comparison of Fees and Reimbursements for a District with an
ERP Lunch Program and a District without an ERP Lunch Program:
Figure 4: Participation of Certified Eligible Students in School Lunch
and Breakfast, by Meal Category, Fiscal Year 2008:
Figure 5: State-and District-level Programs That Eliminated Reduced-
price Fees:
Figure 6: Reasons Most Often Cited for Implementation of District-level
ERP Programs:
Figure 7: Factors That Helped Implementation of District-level ERP
Programs:
Figure 8: Factors That Hindered Implementation of District-level ERP
Programs:
Abbreviations:
ERS: Economic Research Service:
ERP: elimination of the reduced-price fee:
FNS: Food and Nutrition Service:
FRAC: Food Research and Action Center:
LEA: local educational agency:
NSLP: National School Lunch Program:
SBP: School Breakfast Program:
SFA: school food authority:
SNA: School Nutrition Association:
SNAP: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program:
TANF: Temporary Assistance for Needy Families:
USDA: U.S. Department of Agriculture:
[End of section]
United States Government Accountability Office:
Washington, DC 20548:
July 17, 2009:
The Honorable George Miller:
Chairman:
Committee on Education and Labor:
House of Representatives:
Dear Mr. Chairman:
In fiscal year 2008, about 31 million children participated in the
National School Lunch Program (NSLP) and more than 10 million children
participated in the School Breakfast Program (SBP) each school day.
[Footnote 1] The school meal programs are administered by the U.S.
Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Food and Nutrition Service (FNS)
through state agencies that, in turn, oversee local school food
authorities (SFA). SFAs that participate in the lunch and breakfast
programs receive federal cash reimbursements through the state agency
for each meal they serve. USDA spent $11.7 billion on these programs in
fiscal year 2008. The majority of school meals served through the NSLP
and SBP are provided to low-income students. Depending on their
household income and other factors, students receiving school meals pay
either the full meal price or a reduced-price fee or receive free
meals.[Footnote 2] Over half of the school meals served in fiscal year
2008 were provided free to students, and an additional 10 percent were
provided at a reduced price.
In 2004, Congress authorized a pilot project to assess the effects of
eliminating the reduced-price fee for school lunch and breakfast and
providing free meals to students who are eligible for reduced-price
meals.[Footnote 3] At that time, some Members of Congress expressed
concern about reports from school boards across the country that many
parents were finding it increasingly difficult to pay the reduced-price
fee for school meals. Although funds have not been appropriated to
support this pilot project, some states and school districts have
chosen to implement their own initiatives that eliminate the reduced-
price fee and provide free meals to students who are eligible for
reduced-price meals (known as ERP programs).[Footnote 4] Specifically,
these states and school districts do not collect reduced-price fees
from students who are eligible for reduced-price meals. Instead, states
and school districts with ERP programs bear the cost of the reduced-
price fees--not more than 40 cents for each lunch and 30 cents for each
breakfast served--that otherwise would have been paid by students.
However, these states and districts still collect full-price meal fees
from other students and still receive a cash reimbursement from FNS for
each meal they serve, based on the type of meal served (lunch or
breakfast) and the meal category (free, reduced price, or full price).
States and districts with ERP programs are reimbursed at the reduced-
price rate for the meals that they provide free to reduced-price-
eligible students.
To provide a better understanding of the experiences of states and
school districts with ERP programs, this requested report presents
information on the following questions: (1) What is known about the
state and local jurisdictions that have eliminated the reduced-price
fee for the school lunch or breakfast programs? (2) What have been the
experiences of state and local jurisdictions that have eliminated
reduced-price fees with respect to factors such as participation,
errors, and costs? (3) What factors may help or hinder the
establishment or continuation of programs that eliminate reduced-price
fees?
To answer these questions, we identified states and school districts
that have implemented ERP programs and collected information about
their experiences. In August 2008, FNS provided us with a preliminary
list of 4 states with ERP programs and 43 school districts with ERP
programs in 16 other states. However, FNS is not necessarily aware of
all the states and districts with ERP programs, because states and
districts are not required to report this information to FNS. We
conducted follow-up with child nutrition officials in Washington, D.C.,
and the 28 states for which no information was provided, as well as
officials in 10 states for which information was incomplete or needed
clarification.[Footnote 5] We identified 5 states with ERP programs:
Colorado, Maine, Minnesota, Vermont, and Washington. In each of these
states, we conducted semistructured phone interviews with state child
nutrition officials. We also conducted a Web-based survey of SFA
officials in 51 school districts that we initially identified as having
ERP programs.[Footnote 6] We received survey responses from officials
in 44 districts, 35 of whom confirmed that their districts had ERP
programs. Our questionnaire asked these officials to describe the ERP
programs; the reasons they implemented these programs; the effects of
the programs on participation, errors, and costs; and the factors that
helped or hindered program implementation. While we did not validate
specific information that SFA officials reported in our survey, we
reviewed their responses and conducted follow-up as necessary to
determine that the data were complete, reasonable, and sufficiently
reliable for the purposes of this report. In addition, we conducted
site visits with two school districts (Grand Rapids Public Schools,
Michigan and Salt Lake City School District, Utah) and semistructured
phone interviews with two school districts (Great Neck Public Schools,
New York, and Hillsborough County School District, Florida).[Footnote
7] We selected these school districts based on the following criteria:
(1) variation in the duration of the ERP program, (2) variation in the
percentage of students eligible for free or reduced-price meals, and
(3) variation in location and city size. In each of these districts, we
interviewed SFA officials responsible for administering the school meal
programs. In addition to collecting information from states and school
districts with ERP programs, we interviewed officials at FNS and USDA's
Economic Research Service (ERS), as well as representatives of child
nutrition advocacy organizations and professional associations, and
reviewed relevant studies. We also conducted semistructured phone
interviews with SFA officials in 2 school districts we identified that
had discontinued ERP programs. We are not aware of any prior research
that has rigorously studied ERP programs at the state or district
level. See appendix I for more information on our scope and
methodology.
We conducted our work from August 2008 to July 2009 in accordance with
all sections of GAO's Quality Assurance Framework that are relevant to
our objectives. The framework requires that we plan and perform the
engagement to obtain sufficient and appropriate evidence to meet our
stated objectives and to discuss any limitations in our work. We
believe that the information and data obtained, and the analysis
conducted, provide a reasonable basis for any findings and conclusions
in this product.
Background:
National School Lunch Program and School Breakfast Program Structure:
The two largest federal school meal programs, the NSLP and the SBP, aim
to address problems of hunger, food insecurity, and poor nutrition by
providing nutritious meals to children in schools. The NSLP,
established in 1946, and the SBP, permanently established in 1975,
provide nutritionally balanced low-cost or free lunches and breakfasts
in participating schools. At the federal level, these programs are
administered by FNS as part of its strategic goal to improve the
nation's nutrition and health, and the department has laid out plans to
increase access to, and utilization of, these school meal programs.
At the state level, the NSLP and SBP are typically administered by
state education agencies, which operate the programs through agreements
with SFAs.[Footnote 8] SFAs, in turn, administer the school meal
programs at individual schools. SFAs must offer meals that meet federal
nutritional requirements, operate the food service on a nonprofit basis
and follow the record-keeping and claims procedures required by USDA.
As shown in figure 1, SFAs receive cash reimbursements from FNS through
the state agency for each meal they serve, based on the type of meal
served (lunch or breakfast) and the meal category (free, reduced price,
or full price). In addition, unless they are eligible for free meals,
students pay a full-price or reduced-price fee to SFAs for each meal
they receive, depending on their household income. To supplement the
federal reimbursement, some state agencies also use state funds to
provide cash reimbursements to SFAs based on the number of meals they
serve.
Figure 1: Flow of School Meal Program Revenue to SFAs:
[Refer to PDF for image: illustration]
FNS:
Provides cash reimbursements to state agencies based on number of free,
reduced-price, and full-price school meals served by SFAs;
State agencies:
Provide FNS cash reimbursements to SFAs based on number of free,
reduced-price, and full-price school meals they serve (Federal
dollars);
Some state agencies also use state funds to provide cash reimbursements
to SFAs based on number of meals they serve (State dollars);
Students:
Unless students are eligible for free meals, they pay a full-price or
reduced-price fee to SFAs for each meal they receive, depending on
their household income.
Sources: GAO; images, Art Explosion.
[End of figure]
In school year 2008-2009, FNS per meal reimbursement rates ranged from
24 cents for a full-price lunch to $2.57 for a free lunch (see table
1). [Footnote 9]
Table 1: FNS Per Meal Reimbursement Rates for the NSLP and SBP, School
Year 2008-2009:
Meal Category: Free;
Lunch: $2.57;
Breakfast: $1.40.
Meal Category: Reduced price;
Lunch: $2.17;
Breakfast: $1.10.
Meal Category: Full price;
Lunch: $0.24;
Breakfast: $0.25.
Source: USDA/FNS.
Note: The rates included in this table are the minimum reimbursement
rates, and SFAs with high percentages of low-income students may
receive higher per meal reimbursement rates. In addition, the rates
included in this table apply to the contiguous United States. In Alaska
and Hawaii, reimbursement rates are higher due to a higher cost of
living in these areas.
[End of table]
Free and Reduced-price School Meals for Low-Income Students:
The majority of the meals served through the NSLP and SBP are provided
for free or at a reduced price to low-income students. In fiscal year
2008, about half of the school lunches served were provided for free
and about 10 percent were provided at a reduced price. Similarly, about
71 percent of the school breakfasts served were provided for free and
about 10 percent were provided at a reduced price (see figure 2). The
laws governing the school lunch and breakfast programs establish
maximum charges for reduced-price meals, but SFAs set their own fees
for full-price meals.
Figure 2: Percentage of School Lunches and Breakfasts Served by Meal
Category, Fiscal Year 2008:
[Refer to PDF for image: two pie-charts]
Lunches served:
Free: 50%;
Full price: 40%;
Reduced price: 10%.
Breakfasts served:
Free: 71%;
Full price: 19%;
Reduced price: 10%.
Source: USDA/FNS.
[End of figure]
School districts are required to determine whether students are
eligible to receive free or reduced-price school meals based on federal
poverty guidelines.[Footnote 10] Students are eligible for free meals
if their household income is less than or equal to 130 percent of the
federal poverty level, or if they are homeless, runaway, or migrant, as
defined in the law. Students are eligible for reduced-price meals if
their household income is greater than 130 percent and less than or
equal to 185 percent of the federal poverty level (see table 2).
Typically, parents submit school meal applications to school districts
each school year, including self-reported household income, household
size, and information on whether the household participates in any
other federal nutrition assistance programs. Districts review school
meal applications and certify students as being eligible for free or
reduced-price meals, and are required by FNS to annually verify the
accuracy of their eligibility determinations for a sample of free and
reduced-price meal applicants.[Footnote 11] If students' household
income is above 185 percent of the federal poverty level, they pay the
full-price fee for school meals set by the SFA.
Table 2: Income Eligibility Guidelines for Free and Reduced-price Meals
for Selected Household Sizes, School Year 2008-2009:
Household size: 1;
Federal poverty guideline (annual income): $10,400;
Income eligibility for free meals (at or below 130% of poverty): 0 to
$13,520;
Income eligibility for reduced-price meals (greater than 130% and at or
below 185% of poverty): $13,521 to $19,240.
Household size: 2;
Federal poverty guideline (annual income): $14,000;
Income eligibility for free meals (at or below 130% of poverty): 0 to
$18,200;
Income eligibility for reduced-price meals (greater than 130% and at or
below 185% of poverty): $18,201 to $25,900.
Household size: 3;
Federal poverty guideline (annual income): $17,600;
Income eligibility for free meals (at or below 130% of poverty): 0 to
$22,880;
Income eligibility for reduced-price meals (greater than 130% and at or
below 185% of poverty): $22,881 to $32,560.
Household size: 4;
Federal poverty guideline (annual income): $21,200;
Income eligibility for free meals (at or below 130% of poverty): 0 to
$27,560;
Income eligibility for reduced-price meals (greater than 130% and at or
below 185% of poverty): $27,561 to $39,220.
Household size: 5;
Federal poverty guideline (annual income): $24,800;
Income eligibility for free meals (at or below 130% of poverty): 0 to
$32,240;
Income eligibility for reduced-price meals (greater than 130% and at or
below 185% of poverty): $32,241 to $45,880.
Source: USDA/FNS.
[End of table]
According to USDA, nearly half of the households that received free or
reduced-price school lunches from mid-November to mid-December 2007
faced food insecurity, in that they had difficulty providing enough
food for all their members because of a lack of resources.
Specifically, ERS analyzed data from an annual food security survey
conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau in December 2007 and found that 47
percent of the households that received free or reduced-price school
lunches in the month prior to the survey faced food insecurity at some
time during 2007.[Footnote 12] Overall, ERS found that the NSLP reached
33.6 percent of the 13 million food insecure households in the United
States in the month prior to the survey.
Student Meal Fees and Federal Reimbursements in a District ERP Program:
While a typical school district participating in the NSLP or SBP
collects fees from eligible students who receive reduced-price meals,
districts with ERP programs have chosen to provide free meals to
reduced-price-eligible students and bear the cost of the reduced-price
fees that these students otherwise would have paid (for a comparison of
fees and reimbursements for districts with and without an ERP lunch
program, see figure 3). Both typical school districts and districts
with ERP programs collect full-price meal fees from other students and
receive a cash reimbursement from FNS for each meal they serve, based
on the type of meal served (lunch or breakfast) and the meal category
(free, reduced price, or full price).
Figure 3: Comparison of Fees and Reimbursements for a District with an
ERP Lunch Program and a District without an ERP Lunch Program:
[Refer to PDF for image: illustration]
Percentage of school lunches served by meal category: Free: 50%;
Amount student pays SFA per meal (lunch): Free with or without ERP;
Minimum amount FNS reimburses SFA per meal (lunch) (through state
agencies[B]: $2.57.
Percentage of school lunches served by meal category: Reduced price:
100%;
Amount student pays SFA per meal (lunch): Free with ERP (SFA bears the
cost of 40 cents); or: 40 cents without ERP;
Minimum amount FNS reimburses SFA per meal (lunch) (through state
agencies[B]: $2.17.
Percentage of school lunches served by meal category: Full price: 50%;
Amount student pays SFA per meal (lunch): $2.08 with or without ERP[A];
Minimum amount FNS reimburses SFA per meal (lunch) (through state
agencies[B]: $0.24.
Source: GAO analysis; images, Art Explosion.
[A] SFAs set their own fees for full-price meals. The example of a full-
price lunch fee provided in the table, $2.08, represents the average of
the elementary, middle, and high school lunch fees reported to the
School Nutrition Association by 46 SFAs for the 2008-2009 school year.
[B] State agencies receive reimbursements from FNS and provide these
reimbursements to SFAs. Some state agencies also use state funds to
provide an additional reimbursement to SFAs based on the number of
meals they serve.
[End of figure]
Recent Trends in School Meal Program Participation:
As shown in table 3, in recent years, participation in school meals has
increased overall and among students in all three meal categories.
[Footnote 13] A variety of factors may affect the number of students
participating in school meals, such as economic conditions, changes in
student enrollment, improvements in food quality and meal choices, and
school meal program marketing efforts.
Table 3: Increases in Student Participation in School Lunch and
Breakfast, by Meal Category, Fiscal Years 1998 to 2008:
Lunch: Free;
1998: 13.0 million;
2008: 15.4 million.
Lunch: Reduced price;
1998: 2.2 million;
2008: 3.1 million.
Lunch: Full price;
1998: 11.4 million;
2008: 12.5 million.
Lunch: Total;
1998: 26.6 million;
2008: 31.0 million.
Breakfast: Free;
1998: 5.6 million;
2008: 7.5 million.
Breakfast: Reduced price;
1998: 0.5 million;
2008: 1.0 million.
Breakfast: Full price;
1998: 1.0 million;
2008: 2.1 million.
Breakfast: Total;
1998: 7.1 million;
2008: 10.6 million.
Source: GAO analysis of USDA/FNS data.
[End of table]
Despite these increases in participation, some students who are
certified as being eligible to receive free or reduced-price meals do
not participate in school meals, as shown in figure 4. According to
FNS, in fiscal year 2008, about 81 percent (15.4 million) of the
approximately 19 million students certified as eligible for free meals
participated in school lunch and about 39 percent (7.5 million) of
these students participated in school breakfast.[Footnote 14]
Similarly, about 72 percent (3.1 million) of the approximately 4.3
million students certified as eligible for reduced-price meals
participated in school lunch, and about 24 percent (1 million) of these
students participated in school breakfast. A recent Mathematica Policy
Research study identified school type (elementary school, middle
school, or high school) and student attitudes toward school meals as
factors affecting both the breakfast and lunch participation of
students who are certified as eligible for free or reduced-price
meals.[Footnote 15] This study found that when controlling for other
factors, high school students are less likely to participate in school
meals than middle school students, and middle school students are less
likely to participate in school meals than elementary school students.
This study also found that students who are satisfied with the taste of
school meals are much more likely to participate in school meals than
students who are not.
Figure 4: Participation of Certified Eligible Students in School Lunch
and Breakfast, by Meal Category, Fiscal Year 2008:
[Refer to PDF for image: vertical bar graph]
Meal Category: Free;
Number of students, Certified as eligible: 19 million;
Number of students, Participated in lunch: 15.4 million;
Number of students, Participated in breakfast: 7.5 million.
Meal Category: Reduced Price;
Number of students, Certified as eligible: 4.3 million;
Number of students, Participated in lunch: 3.1 million;
Number of students, Participated in breakfast: 1 million.
Source: GAO analysis of USDA/FNS data.
[End of figure]
Universal Free Meals Programs:
Some individual schools and districts have implemented programs that
provide free meals to all students regardless of income. These schools
and districts still receive a cash reimbursement from FNS for each meal
they serve, based on the type of meal served (lunch or breakfast) and
the meal category (free, reduced price, and full price) and are still
required to determine student eligibility for free and reduced-price
meals and report the number of meals they serve by meal category.
However, these schools and districts do not collect reduced-price fees
or full-price fees from students and therefore need to make up for this
lost revenue in other ways. Because the federal reimbursement is
significantly higher for free and reduced-price meals than for full-
price meals, these programs may not be as costly an alternative for
schools with a very high percentage of students eligible for free or
reduced-price meals schools relative to schools with a lower percentage
of these students. Two USDA special assistance provisions of the NSLP
and the SBP allow participating schools and districts to provide
reimbursable, universal free meals to all participating students
regardless of their household income[Footnote 16]. These special
assistance provisions are intended to reduce the administrative burden
for individual schools and districts by allowing them to process school
meal applications and determine eligibility for free and reduced-price
meals less frequently. For additional information about universal free
meals programs, see appendix II.
Some States and Districts Eliminated the Reduced-price Fee to Increase
Participation or Reduce Hunger:
Acting on their own initiative, at least 5 states and 35 school
districts eliminated the reduced-price fee for breakfast, lunch, or
both meals in school year 2008-2009, primarily to increase
participation or reduce hunger. We identified 5 statewide ERP programs
in Colorado, Maine, Minnesota, Vermont, and Washington, and 35 district-
level programs in 19 other states out of approximately 14,000 districts
nationwide.[Footnote 17] (See figure 5.)
Figure 5: State-and District-level Programs That Eliminated Reduced-
price Fees:
[Refer to PDF for image: map of the United States]
States in which select districts have ERP programs (19), and number of
districts with ERP programs:
Arizona: 1;
California: 1;
Connecticut: 1;
Delaware: 1;
Florida: 1;
Georgia: 1;
Indiana: 3;
Maryland: 1;
Michigan: 1;
Missouri: 5;
Nevada: 2;
New York: 3;
Oregon: 2;
Pennsylvania: 1;
Tennessee: 3;
Texas: 1;
Utah: 1;
Virginia: 3;
Wisconsin: 3.
States with ERP programs (statewide) (5):
Colorado;
Maine;
Minnesota;
Vermont;
Washington.
Sources: GAO survey; map, Map Resources.
[End of figure]
The 5 state programs included more than 1,400 districts. The states and
districts with ERP programs included both small and large districts
based on student enrollment, with an average percentage of reduced-
price-eligible students similar to the national average of 9 percent
across nearly 14,000 districts. (See table 4.)
Table 4: Profile of State-and District-level ERP Programs:
Characteristic: Number of school districts;
District-level ERP programs: 35;
State-level ERP programs: 1,456.
Characteristic: Number of states;
District-level ERP programs: 19;
State-level ERP programs: 5.
Characteristic: Student enrollment (range)[A];
District-level ERP programs: 290-187,070;
State-level ERP programs: 92,572-1 million.
Characteristic: Percentage of students eligible for reduced-price
meals; Range;
District-level ERP programs: 2.8-15.8;
State-level ERP programs: 7.2-12.0.
Characteristic: Percentage of students eligible for reduced-price
meals; Average;
District-level ERP programs: 9.3;
State-level ERP programs: 8.8.
Characteristic: School year ERP program began; Range;
District-level ERP programs: 1987-1988 to 2008-2009[B];
State-level ERP programs: 2003-2004 to 2008-2009.
Characteristic: School year ERP program began; Median;
District-level ERP programs: 2004/2005[B];
State-level ERP programs: 2007/2008.
Source: GAO survey and state interviews.
[A] The range shown is district student enrollment for district-level
ERP programs and statewide student enrollment for state-level ERP
programs.
[B] The range and the median for the district-level programs are based
on 33 districts. Two of the 35 districts did not provide the year their
programs began.
[End of table]
State-and district-level officials we interviewed most often cited
reducing hunger and food insecurity or increasing participation of low-
income students as primary reasons for implementing the ERP programs.
State officials from 4 of the 5 states cited reducing hunger and food
insecurity, through increasing participation of low-income students, as
the primary reason for implementing the ERP programs. For example, an
official in 1 of the 5 states said the state had ranked high in the
nation for hunger and food insecurity several years ago, and the
official thought the ERP program would be one way to help address this
problem. Similarly, in our survey, almost all district officials cited
reducing hunger and food insecurity and increasing participation of
reduced-price-eligible students as major or moderate reasons for
implementing the ERP programs as well. (See figure 6.) SFA officials we
interviewed in one district said the district started its ERP program
to help those students who were not eating breakfast or lunch because
their families could not afford either meal, even at the reduced price,
much less both meals.
Some state-and district-level officials we interviewed or surveyed also
cited the intention to improve academic performance and increase
overall participation as major reasons for implementing these ERP
programs. One state implemented its statewide program primarily in
response to the view that eating breakfast is related to academic
success.
Figure 6: Reasons Most Often Cited for Implementation of District-level
ERP Programs:
[Refer to PDF for image: horizontal bar graph]
To reduce hunger and food insecurity:
Major reason: 28;
Moderate reason: 7;
Minor reason: 0;
Not a reason: 0;
No response: 0;
Total: 35.
To increase participation of reduced price students:
Major reason: 25;
Moderate reason: 9;
Minor reason: 0;
Not a reason: 0;
No response: 1;
Total: 35.
To increase overall participation:
Major reason: 15;
Moderate reason: 15;
Minor reason: 4;
Not a reason: 0;
No response: 1;
Total: 35.
To improve students‘ academic performance:
Major reason: 17;
Moderate reason: 8;
Minor reason: 6;
Not a reason: 2;
No response: 2;
Total: 35.
To improve students‘ diet and/or reduce obesity:
Major reason: 9;
Moderate reason: 9;
Minor reason: 11;
Not a reason: 4;
No response: 2;
Total: 35.
To reduce unpaid meal charges[A]:
Major reason: 10;
Moderate reason: 11;
Minor reason: 6;
Not a reason: 6;
No response: 2;
Total: 35.
To increase revenue:
Major reason: 6;
Moderate reason: 5;
Minor reason: 8;
Not a reason: 12;
No response: 4;
Total: 35.
Source: GAO survey.
[A] Officials explained that, prior to the implementation of the ERP
program, students who were unable to pay the reduced-price fee would
charge these meals and build up a balance of unpaid meal fees.
[End of figure]
States and districts implemented ERP programs in various ways. For
example, state-and district-level officials said they eliminated
reduced-price fees for either breakfast, lunch, or both meals. (See
table 5.)
Table 5: Meals Served in State-and District-level ERP Programs:
Meals served: Breakfast only;
Number of states: 3;
Number of districts: 12.
Meals served: Lunch only;
Number of states: 0;
Number of districts: 4.
Meals served: Breakfast and lunch;
Number of states: 2;
Number of districts: 19.
Meals served: Total;
Number of states: 5;
Number of districts: 35.
Source: GAO survey and state interviews.
[End of table]
There was also some variation in the grades included in the state-and
district-level ERP programs. Officials from all 5 states we interviewed
and most of the 35 districts we surveyed eliminated the reduced-price
fee for at least one meal in all grades. However, Colorado and
Washington provided free lunch to reduced-price-eligible students in
specific grades in addition to breakfast for all grades; Colorado's
lunch ERP program was limited to kindergarten through second grade, and
in Washington ERP lunch was limited to kindergarten through third
grade. One district ERP program was limited to eighth grade and below,
and some district ERP programs included preschool, while others did
not.
In addition, some states and districts used ERP programs in combination
with other free meal programs. Four of the 5 states with ERP programs
included schools or districts with universal free meal programs. For
example, while Colorado schools provide ERP for breakfast, Denver
Public Schools, the state's largest school district, has offered
universal free breakfast for the last few years. Thirteen of the 35
districts with ERP programs for one meal also had universal programs
for the other meal. For example, the Hillsborough County School
District in Florida provides lunch through its ERP program but has also
offered free breakfast to all students through a universal free meals
program since 2002. Unlike ERP programs that only subsidize the fees
paid by students eligible for reduced-price meals, universal free meal
programs also subsidize the fees paid by students for full-price meals,
and the cost is borne by the SFA.
One State and Most Districts That Eliminated the Reduced-price Fee
Reported Increased Participation, Which Partially Offset Program Costs:
One State and Most Districts with ERP Programs Reported Increased
Participation, and Most Districts Observed No Effect on Administrative
Errors:
One state official and SFA officials in most districts we surveyed
reported that their ERP programs have increased the rate of
participation among students who are eligible for reduced-price meals.
[Footnote 18] For example, according to a Washington official, after
the state implemented its ERP program for school breakfast in September
2006, the breakfast participation rate of reduced-price-eligible
students increased from about 19 percent (15,373 students) in October
2005 to about 25 percent (21,644 students) in October 2006. In
addition, officials in Maine and Vermont, which both implemented state
ERP programs in September 2008, told us preliminary data suggest that
these programs have increased the participation of reduced-price-
eligible students.[Footnote 19] Similarly, in our school district
survey, SFA officials in 28 of the 31 districts with ERP breakfast
programs reported that these programs have increased the participation
of reduced-price-eligible students in school breakfast, while officials
in 2 districts reported no change in breakfast participation and one
district official did not know whether breakfast participation had
changed. Officials in 20 of the 23 districts with ERP lunch programs
reported that these programs have increased the participation of
reduced-price-eligible students in school lunch, while again officials
in 2 districts reported no change in lunch participation and one
district official did not know whether lunch participation had
changed.[Footnote 20] In a separate survey question, some SFA officials
provided data indicating that the rate of participation among reduced-
price-eligible students increased, on average, by 9 percentage points
in breakfast and 11 percentage points in lunch, since their ERP
programs were implemented (see table 6).[Footnote 21]
Table 6: District-level ERP Programs: Change in School Meal
Participation Rates among Reduced-price-eligible Students since ERP
Program Was Implemented:
Meal: Breakfast participation rate of reduced-price-eligible students
(N = 14)[A];
Minimum change: 0%;
Average change: +9%;
Maximum change: +32%.
Meal: Lunch participation rate of reduced-price-eligible students (N =
9)[B];
Minimum change: +1%;
Average change: +11%;
Maximum change: +30%.
Source: Analysis of GAO survey data.
Note: We calculated the change in participation rates by subtracting
the participation rate prior to the implementation of the ERP program
from the participation rate in the most recent (2007-2008) school year.
Because the school districts we surveyed implemented ERP programs in
different school years, they reported changes in participation rates
over varying periods of time.
[A] SFA officials in 14 districts provided complete data on
participation rates before and after the implementation of the ERP
program. Of these, officials in 13 districts provided data indicating
that the participation rate increased and 1 indicated that the
participation rate remained the same.
[B] SFA officials in 9 districts provided complete data on
participation rates before and after the implementation of the ERP
program. Officials in all 9 districts provided data indicating that the
participation rate increased.
[End of table]
The increase in the participation rate among reduced-price-eligible
students in these districts may not be entirely due to the ERP
programs, as participation rates may vary even in districts without ERP
programs over time, but at least some of the increases in participation
appear to be a result of the ERP programs themselves.[Footnote 22] SFA
officials in districts with ERP programs reported that the average
increase in the lunch participation rate among reduced-price-eligible
students (11 percentage points) was greater than the average increase
in this participation rate among students in the free (5 percentage
points) or full-price (5 percentage points) meal categories for their
districts. Further, in the four districts that implemented their ERP
programs in school year 2007-2008 and provided participation data--2 of
these districts had ERP programs for breakfast and lunch, and 2
districts limited their ERP programs to breakfast--the increase in the
breakfast participation rate (2 to 11 percentage points) and lunch
participation rate (7 to 10 percentage points) among reduced-price-
eligible students was greater than the national change in these
participation rates (less than a 1 percentage point change each for
breakfast and lunch).[Footnote 23]
Two states and most school districts with ERP programs observed no
effect on school meal program errors related to student eligibility or
meal counting.[Footnote 24] Implementing an ERP program would generally
not be expected to have an effect on school meal program errors,
because school districts and SFAs are required to follow the same
administrative procedures regardless of whether or not they collect
reduced-price fees. According to FNS officials, districts that
eliminated the reduced-price fee are still required to process school
meal applications and certify students as being eligible for reduced-
price meals under federal poverty guidelines, and SFAs are still
required to count the number of reduced-price meals they serve and
report this meal count to FNS. In two of the 5 states with ERP
programs, officials said they believe that these programs had no effect
on school meal program errors. In two other states, officials told us
that they were unable to determine whether the ERP programs had an
effect on errors.[Footnote 25] In the fifth state, an official said
that districts' meal-counting errors increased temporarily because of
the implementation of the state ERP program, which required districts
to change the way they reported to the state the number of meals
served.[Footnote 26] However, this official told us that these errors
have since returned to their previous levels. In our survey, SFA
officials in 32 of the 35 school districts with ERP programs reported
that these programs had no effect on errors related to student
eligibility, and officials in 31 districts reported that these programs
had no effect on meal-counting errors.
States and Most Districts Covered Their ERP Program Costs through
Increased Federal Reimbursements and Other Funding Sources:
ERP programs involve additional costs to states and school districts,
as well as to the federal government. The state or school district
implementing the ERP program bears the cost of the reduced-price fee--
no more than 30 cents for each breakfast served and 40 cents for each
lunch served--that otherwise would have been paid by reduced-price-
eligible students. Across the 5 states with ERP programs, officials
told us that the costs for them to implement these programs ranged from
about $144,000 to about $3 million per year, and across the 4 school
districts with ERP programs we interviewed, SFA officials said that
program costs ranged from about $12,000 to about $370,000 per year. In
addition, both state-and district-level ERP programs involve an
additional cost to the federal government because these programs
generally lead to increased participation among reduced-price-eligible
students, thus increasing the reimbursement that FNS provides to
states.[Footnote 27] In addition to the FNS reimbursement, some states
also provide a reimbursement to SFAs based on the number of meals they
serve. In these cases, the increased participation among reduced-price-
eligible students associated with ERP programs involves additional
costs to states.
While increased federal reimbursements partially offset program costs
for the state and district ERP programs that experienced increased
participation, all 5 state ERP programs used state appropriations to
cover their remaining program costs, and districts used a variety of
revenue sources to manage their remaining program costs. Increased FNS
reimbursements can offset program costs when the amount of the per meal
reimbursement exceeds the cost to the SFA of producing the meal. In our
survey, SFA officials in 21 of the 35 districts with ERP programs said
that they received an increased reimbursement amount from FNS as a
result of increased participation. For example, an SFA official from
the Grand Rapids Public Schools told us that the total additional cost
to the district associated with the ERP program is about $92,000 per
year, but the net cost of the program is about $64,000 per year,
because the SFA experienced an increase of about $28,000 per year in
its FNS reimbursement as a result of increased participation. SFA
officials in 2 of these 21 districts told us that increased
participation also allowed them to obtain additional state funding. For
example, because the Salt Lake City School District receives state
liquor tax funding based on the number of lunches served by the SFA,
the increased participation associated with the ERP program also
resulted in additional state funding. While SFA officials in 16
districts told us that the additional revenue from increased
participation covered program costs, officials in 3 districts told us
that it did not cover program costs, and officials in 2 districts said
they did not know whether it covered program costs.[Footnote 28]
Several SFA officials told us that their districts covered program
costs by supplementing increased reimbursement revenue from FNS with
school district revenue from à la carte sales, catering, or other
district funds, and one of these officials also reported increasing the
full-price meal fee to help cover costs.[Footnote 29] Even so,
officials in the 2 districts we identified that had discontinued ERP
programs told us they did so because they were unable to continue to
cover program costs.
Some SFA officials identified factors that minimized the additional
costs associated with implementing ERP programs. A few SFA officials
noted that their districts were already bearing the cost of the reduced-
price fee for some students prior to implementing ERP programs because
reduced-price-eligible students participating in school meals were
often unable to pay this fee. For example, an SFA official in 1
district said that over 33 percent of reduced-price-eligible students
were receiving meals but were not paying the reduced-price fee. Also,
some districts experienced economies of scale because ERP programs
increased participation but did not increase their labor
costs.[Footnote 30] Specifically, SFA officials in these districts told
us that they were able to serve meals to more students without hiring
additional staff or increasing work hours for existing staff, because
the additional number of meals served at each school was relatively
small. Similarly, in our survey, SFA officials in 30 of the 35
districts with ERP programs reported that these programs had no effect
on or decreased the overall workload of kitchen and cashier staff at
participating schools.
Most Districts Experienced Benefits from ERP Programs, such as a
Decrease in the Administrative Burden on District Staff and
Improvements in Satisfaction with School Meals:
SFA officials in nearly all of the school districts we surveyed
reported that ERP programs either had no effect on or decreased the
overall administrative burden on district staff (see table 7). Several
officials who reported that ERP programs decreased this administrative
burden explained that district staff no longer spend time trying to
collect unpaid meal charges from reduced-price-eligible students who
receive school meals but are unable to pay the reduced-price fee. One
of these officials further explained that prior to the implementation
of the ERP program, students who were unable to pay the reduced-price
fee would charge these meals and build up a balance of unpaid meal
fees, and staff would then spend time trying to collect these fees from
parents. Several officials noted that attempts to collect these fees
were sometimes unsuccessful, and one official said he believed that the
cost of the administrative time spent trying to collect these fees was
greater than the value of the fees themselves.
Table 7: Effect of ERP Programs on Administrative Burden on District
Staff:
Administrative burden: Significantly increased;
Number of districts: 0.
Administrative burden: Generally increased;
Number of districts: 0.
Administrative burden: Stayed the same;
Number of districts: 10.
Administrative burden: Generally decreased;
Number of districts: 13.
Administrative burden: Significantly decreased;
Number of districts: 10.
Administrative burden: Don't know;
Number of districts: 2.
Administrative burden: Total;
Number of districts: 35.
Source: GAO survey.
[End of table]
Most of the SFA officials we surveyed reported that ERP programs have
had a generally positive effect on students' attitudes about and
parents' level of satisfaction with the school meal programs (see table
8).[Footnote 31] SFA officials in several districts also reported other
benefits. One official told us she believes that the ERP program has
increased administration and faculty support for the school meal
programs, and another official noted that the program has increased the
school board's level of satisfaction with the school meal programs. SFA
officials in several other school districts noted that their ERP
programs have been well received by their communities.
Table 8: SFA Officials' Views on the Effect of ERP Programs on
Students' Attitudes about and Parents' Level of Satisfaction with
School Meals:
Students' attitudes: Become significantly more positive;
Number of districts: 4.
Students' attitudes: Become generally more positive;
Number of districts: 22.
Students' attitudes: Stayed the same;
Number of districts: 4.
Students' attitudes: Become generally more negative;
Number of districts: 0.
Students' attitudes: Become significantly more negative;
Number of districts: 0.
Students' attitudes: Don't know;
Number of districts: 5.
Students' attitudes: Total;
Number of districts: 35.
Parents' level of satisfaction: Significantly increased;
Number of districts: 7.
Parents' level of satisfaction: Generally increased;
Number of districts: 22.
Parents' level of satisfaction: Stayed the same;
Number of districts: 2.
Parents' level of satisfaction: Generally decreased;
Number of districts: 0.
Parents' level of satisfaction: Significantly decreased;
Number of districts: 0.
Parents' level of satisfaction: Don't know;
Number of districts: 4.
Parents' level of satisfaction: Total;
Number of districts: 35.
Source: GAO survey.
[End of table]
Some SFA officials we surveyed told us they believe that ERP programs
have improved students' academic performance, although they did not
conduct research on the effect of these programs on academic
performance (see table 9). Officials in more than half of the districts
(19 of 35) responded that they did not know what effect their ERP
programs had on academic performance.
Table 9: SFA Officials' Views on the Effect of ERP Programs on
Students' Academic Performance:
Academic performance: Improved;
Number of districts: 14.
Academic performance: Stayed the same;
Number of districts: 2.
Academic performance: Declined;
Number of districts: 0.
Academic performance: Don't know;
Number of districts: 19.
Academic performance: Total;
Number of districts: 35.
Source: GAO survey.
[End of table]
One SFA official noted that it would be difficult to link improvements
in academic performance to ERP programs because there are many factors
that affect academic performance. Even so, some research studies
indicate that participation in school breakfast may be associated with
improvements in performance on standardized tests[Footnote 32] and math
grades[Footnote 33] as well as improvements in school attendance and
punctuality.[Footnote 34]
Supportive State Legislators and District School Boards Helped
Establish ERP Programs, but Fiscal Challenges Could Hinder Program
Continuation:
Support from State Legislators, Nonprofit Organizations, District
School Boards, and Superintendents Helped Establish ERP Programs:
Supportive legislators and nonprofit organizations played a major role
in establishing ERP programs at the state level, and support from
school boards and superintendents was a major factor in establishing
programs at the district level. Officials that we spoke with from all 5
states cited strong support from key legislators and various nonprofit
organizations concerned with child nutrition and hunger as a major
factor in establishing an ERP program under state law. For example, an
official from the state of Colorado told us that the state school
nutrition association had contacted state legislators to promote the
elimination of reduced-price fees for school meals, and one legislator
was particularly supportive of implementing a statewide ERP program. A
Washington state official told us that a coalition of several
organizations contacted every member of the state Ways and Means
Committees to promote legislation that would eliminate reduced-price
fees. As shown in figure 7, most SFA officials from the district-level
programs we identified reported that supportive school boards and
superintendents were major factors in helping implement their ERP
programs.
Figure 7: Factors That Helped Implementation of District-level ERP
Programs (Number of districts):
[Refer to PDF for image: horizontal bar graph]
Supportive board:
Major factor: 21;
Moderate factor: 7;
Minor factor: 4;
Not a factor: 1;
Don't know: 1;
No response: 1;
Total: 35.
Supportive superintendent:
Major factor: 19;
Moderate factor: 8;
Minor factor: 4;
Not a factor: 2;
Don't know: 1;
No response: 1;
Total: 35.
Source: GAO survey.
[End of figure]
We also asked state-and district-level officials we interviewed and
surveyed about the effect that a number of other factors might have had
on the implementation of ERP programs. Specifically, we asked about a
lack of program funding, limited information on program development,
and requirements to continue annual certification of student
eligibility for reduced-price meals, but in general few states and
districts indicated that these were major factors that hindered
implementation. See figure 8 for district survey responses. For state
ERP programs, lack of funding was not a major factor largely because
funds were appropriated by the state legislature when these programs
were established. However, at least one official indicated that the
state's decision to limit the number of grades covered by the ERP
program for lunch may have been due to funding restrictions. Regarding
program development, while officials in one state found information on
other state ERP programs to have been very helpful, another state
official cited unique circumstances as one reason why the information
was not that helpful in developing her state's ERP program. Regarding
the district-level ERP programs, these districts were generally
committed to making their programs work, had the support they needed,
and were able to succeed. However, the number of districts that may
have tried to implement ERP programs and been unsuccessful is not
known. Finally, most state-and district-level program officials did not
see continuing to certify reduced-price-eligible students as a major
hindrance because systems to capture this information were already in
place.
Figure 8: Factors That Hindered Implementation of District-level ERP
Programs (Number of districts):
[Refer to PDF for image: horizontal bar graph]
Lack of funding: Lack of access to the USDA free reimbursement rate for
the reduced-priced meals that were provided at no charge:
Major factor: 4;
Moderate factor: 6;
Minor factor: 8;
Not a factor: 15;
Don't know: 2;
No response: 0;
Total: 35.
Lack of funding: Lack of access to additional funding from state:
Major factor: 1;
Moderate factor: 5;
Minor factor: 6;
Not a factor: 18;
Don't know: 3;
No response: 2;
Total: 35.
Lack of funding: Lack of access to additional funding from school
district:
Major factor: 22;
Moderate factor: 1;
Minor factor: 3;
Not a factor: 25;
Don't know: 3;
No response: 1;
Total: 35.
Lack of funding: Lack of access to additional funding from other local
source:
Major factor: 1;
Moderate factor: 1;
Minor factor: 3;
Not a factor: 26;
Don't know: 3;
No response: 1;
Total: 35.
Other factors: Limited information on how to develop an ERP program:
Major factor: 1;
Moderate factor: 4;
Minor factor: 5;
Not a factor: 22;
Don't know: 3;
No response: 0;
Total: 35.
Other factors: Federal requirement that district must certify
eligibility for reduced-price meals and free meals separately:
Major factor: 1;
Moderate factor: 0;
Minor factor: 4;
Not a factor: 27;
Don't know: 3;
No response: 0;
Total: 35.
Other factors: Other[A]:
Major factor: 1;
Moderate factor: 1;
Minor factor: 0;
Not a factor: 6;
Don't know: 3;
No response: 24;
Total: 35.
Source: GAO survey.
[A] One district official listed a requirement by the school board to
provide financial information on how increased participation of reduced-
price-eligible students would be covered by the additional revenues as
a major factor hindering implementation.
[End of figure]
Fiscal Challenges Could Limit Available Funding for ERP Programs but
Cuts May Be Manageable for Some District-level Programs:
Funding for the state ERP programs may be vulnerable to across-the-
board budget cuts, but most district-level SFA officials reported less
dependence on state funding and more options for managing ERP program
costs. Officials from all 5 state programs indicated that dedicated
state appropriations were a primary source of ERP funding, and
officials from four of these states indicated that a loss of state
funding would be a threat to the continuation of their programs. While
state or local budget cuts might also affect district funding,
especially in the current fiscal environment, some district-level ERP
programs might be better situated to withstand such cuts. For example,
we asked several of the SFA officials from district-level ERP programs
that we interviewed what would happen to their programs if their funds
were cut. Even under declining fiscal conditions, when we conducted our
interviews during the latter part of 2008 and early 2009,[Footnote 35]
the officials indicated that the SFAs would explore ways to raise
additional revenue or reduce expenditures so that they could continue
to cover ERP program costs. Further, officials from several SFAs that
we interviewed indicated that the net costs of their district-level ERP
programs were less than 1 percent of their annual expenditures.
Specifically, an SFA official from the Grand Rapids Public Schools--
with annual expenditures of about $8.3 million--estimated the annual
net cost of its ERP program at about $64,000 per year. An SFA official
from the Great Neck Public Schools in New York told us that the average
number of students participating in reduced-price lunch was only about
7.6 percent (221 of 2,921) of the total number of students who
participated in school lunch on a daily basis. In addition, SFA
officials told us that they have flexibility to potentially offset
revenue losses. For example, the SFA official from Great Neck told us
that her district's ERP program had previously covered costs through
revenue generated by à la carte sales, but noted that recent declines
in sales may require the district to begin using reserve funds to cover
program costs.
Despite potential fiscal challenges at the time we conducted our
interviews and survey, all 5 states and 30 of the 35 districts surveyed
reported that they plan to continue their ERP programs in the future.
The other 5 districts had not decided to discontinue their programs,
but said they did not know if the programs would continue. Some state-
and district-level officials believe that there is an even greater need
for this type of program at a time when some families are experiencing
increased economic hardship. However, state and local fiscal conditions
have continued to deteriorate since we began our audit work and the
effect of the changes in the economic climate on ERP programs is
unknown.
Agency Comments and Our Evaluation:
We provided a draft of this report to USDA for review and comment. USDA
did not provide written comments. However, FNS provided us with
technical comments that helped clarify our report's findings, which we
incorporated where appropriate.
We are sending copies of this report to relevant congressional
committees and other interested parties and will make copies available
to others upon request. In addition, the report will be available at no
charge on GAO's Web site at [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov]. If you or
your staff have any questions about this report, please contact me at
(202) 512-7215 or brownke@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of
Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last
page of this report. Key contributors to this report are listed in
appendix III.
Sincerely yours,
Signed by:
Kay Brown:
Director, Education, Workforce, Income Security Issues:
[End of section]
Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology:
To provide a better understanding of the experiences of states and
school districts with programs that eliminated the reduced-price fee
(known as ERP programs), this report presents information on the
following questions: (1) What is known about the state and local
jurisdictions that have eliminated the reduced-price fee for the school
lunch or breakfast programs? (2) What have been the experiences of
state and local jurisdictions that have eliminated reduced-price fees
with respect to factors such as participation, errors, and costs? (3)
What factors may help or hinder the establishment or continuation of
programs that eliminate reduced-price fees?
To answer these questions, we identified states and school districts
that have implemented ERP programs and collected information about
their experiences. We are not aware of any prior research that has
rigorously studied ERP programs at the state or district level. We
conducted semistructured phone interviews with state child nutrition
officials from the 5 states we identified as having ERP programs
(Colorado, Maine, Minnesota, Vermont, and Washington). We also
conducted a Web-based survey of local school food authority (SFA)
officials in 51 school districts initially identified as having ERP
programs and gathered in-depth information from 4 of these districts
through site visits or phone interviews. In addition to collecting
information from these states and school districts, we interviewed
officials at the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Food and
Nutrition Service (FNS) and Economic Research Service (ERS) as well as
representatives of child nutrition advocacy organizations and
professional associations, reviewed relevant studies, and conducted
semistructured phone interviews with SFA officials in 2 school
districts we identified that had discontinued ERP programs.
We conducted our work from August 2008 to July 2009 in accordance with
all sections of GAO's Quality Assurance Framework that are relevant to
our objectives. The framework requires that we plan and perform the
engagement to obtain sufficient and appropriate evidence to meet our
stated objectives and to discuss any limitations in our work. We
believe that the information and data obtained, and the analysis
conducted, provide a reasonable basis for any findings and conclusions
in this product.
Interviews with States:
To learn about the experiences of states with ERP programs, we
conducted semistructured phone interviews with officials in the 5
states we identified as having these programs: Colorado, Maine,
Minnesota, Vermont, and Washington. In August 2008, FNS provided us
with a preliminary list of 4 states that had implemented ERP programs
and a fifth state with pending legislation that, if enacted, would
create a state ERP program. However, FNS is not necessarily aware of
all the states with ERP programs, because states are not required to
report this information to FNS. We contacted this fifth state and
determined that it had already implemented a state ERP program. In each
of these 5 states, we interviewed child nutrition officials responsible
for administering the school meal programs at the state level. There
may be additional states with ERP programs that we did not identify as
part of this study.
Survey of District-level SFA Officials:
We also conducted a Web-based survey of SFA officials in 51 school
districts initially identified as having implemented these programs. We
identified school districts with ERP programs using a preliminary list
of these districts, by state, provided by FNS in August 2008. This list
included 43 districts in 16 states. However, FNS is not necessarily
aware of all the districts with ERP programs, because districts are not
required to report this information to FNS. We conducted follow-up with
child nutrition officials in Washington, D.C., and the 28 states for
which no information was provided, as well as officials in 5 states for
which information was incomplete or needed clarification, and officials
in 5 states for which contact information for district-level SFA
officials was either missing or needed clarification. [Footnote 36] As
a result of our follow-up efforts, we removed 9 districts from the
original FNS list and added 17 new districts, for a total of 51
districts.[Footnote 37] We surveyed SFA officials in all 51 districts
included in this revised list.[Footnote 38] There may be additional
school districts with ERP programs that we did not identify as part of
this study. Because the universe of districts with ERP programs is
unknown, the results of our survey cannot be generalized to all
districts with ERP programs.
We conducted the survey from December 2008 to March 2009, and achieved
a response rate of 83 percent. We received survey responses from SFA
officials in 44 school districts, 35 of whom confirmed that their
districts had implemented ERP programs. To increase the survey response
rate, we conducted follow-up by both e-mail and phone with all
nonrespondents.[Footnote 39] The questionnaire asked SFA officials
about the number of students eligible for reduced-price meals; the
meals and grades covered by the ERP programs; the reasons they
implemented these programs; the duration of these programs; the effects
of the programs on participation, errors, and costs; the factors that
helped or hindered program implementation; and whether or not they plan
to continue the ERP programs in the future. While we did not validate
specific information that SFA officials reported in our survey, we
reviewed their responses and conducted follow-up as necessary to
determine that the data were complete, reasonable, and sufficiently
reliable for the purposes of this report.
Because we did not select a probability sample, our survey results do
not have sampling errors. However, the practical difficulties of
conducting any survey may introduce nonsampling errors, such as
variations in how respondents interpret questions. We took steps to
minimize nonsampling errors, such as pretesting the draft
questionnaire. Specifically, we pretested the draft questionnaire by
phone with SFA officials in 5 school districts--1 district in each of
the states of Arizona, Indiana, Tennessee, Utah, and Virginia--in
September through December 2008. In the pretests, we were generally
interested in the clarity of the questions and the logical flow of the
questionnaire. For example, we wanted to ensure that the definitions
used in the questionnaire were clear and understandable, the categories
provided in closed-ended questions were complete, and the ordering of
questions was logical. We made revisions to the questionnaire in
response to each of the pretests. In addition, using a Web-based survey
minimized nonsampling errors because this format eliminated the need
for and the errors associated with a manual data entry process.
Specifically, the Web-based survey allowed respondents to enter their
responses directly into the survey Web site and automatically created a
database record for each respondent. To further minimize errors, the
programs used to analyze the survey data were independently verified to
ensure the accuracy of this work.
Site Visits and Interviews with School Districts:
To gather in-depth information from several school districts with ERP
programs, we conducted site visits with 2 school districts (Grand
Rapids Public Schools, Michigan and Salt Lake City School District,
Utah) and semistructured phone interviews with two other school
districts (Great Neck Public Schools, New York and Hillsborough County
School District, Florida), all of which also responded to our Web-based
survey. We selected these districts based on the following criteria:
(1) variation in the duration of the ERP program, (2) variation in the
percentage of students eligible for free or reduced-price meals, and
(3) variation in location and city size. In each of these districts, we
interviewed SFA officials responsible for administering the school meal
programs.
Other Interviews and Reviews of Relevant Studies:
In addition to collecting information from states and school districts
with ERP programs, we interviewed officials at FNS and ERS as well as
representatives of child nutrition advocacy organizations and
professional organizations, including the Food Research and Action
Center (FRAC) and the School Nutrition Association (SNA). We also
conducted semistructured phone interviews with SFA officials in 2
school districts we identified (Milpitas Unified School District,
California, and Tacoma Public Schools, Washington) that had
discontinued ERP programs. Additionally, we reviewed relevant studies,
such as USDA's NSLP/SBP Access, Participation, Eligibility, and
Certification (APEC) Study,[Footnote 40] USDA's School Lunch and
Breakfast Cost Study-II,[Footnote 41] and a Mathematica Policy Research
study conducted for ERS on the factors associated with school meal
participation and the relationships between different participation
measures.[Footnote 42]
[End of section]
Appendix II: Universal Free Meals Programs under Alternative USDA
Special Assistance Provisions:
Some schools and districts have chosen to provide universal free meals
to all participating students regardless of their household income
under two alternative special assistance provisions of the National
School Lunch Program (NSLP) and the School Breakfast Program (SBP),
known as Provision 2 and Provision 3.[Footnote 43] These special
assistance provisions in the SBP and NSLP are intended to reduce the
administrative burden for individual schools and districts by allowing
them to process school meal applications and determine eligibility for
free and reduced-price meals less frequently. Specifically, these
schools and districts are only required to process applications and
determine eligibility in the first year (base year) of a 4-year or 5-
year period. Although these provisions are intended to reduce the
administrative burden, participating schools and districts bear the
costs of providing free meals to students who qualify for reduced-price
or full-price meals. Participating schools and districts still receive
cash reimbursements from FNS based on the meal category for which
students are eligible. According to FNS, during the 2007-2008 school
year, more than 2,900 schools--about 3 percent of the 95,331 schools
participating in the NSLP in that year--were participating in Provision
2 or Provision 3.[Footnote 44] Table 10 compares key aspects of
standard school meal programs, Provision 2 programs, Provision 3
programs, and ERP programs.
Table 10: Comparison of Key Aspects of Standard School Meal Programs,
Provision 2, Provision 3, and Elimination of Reduced-price Fee (ERP)
Programs:
Program type[A]: Standard school meal program;
Description: Schools provide free, reduced-price, or full-price meals
to students based on household income;
Administrative procedures: School districts process applications and
determine eligibility for free and reduced-price meals each school
year;
FNS reimbursement: Calculated based on the number of free, reduced-
price, and full-price meals served;
Meal fees collected: Reduced-price fee and full-price fee.
Program type[A]: Provision 2 program[B];
Description: Schools provide free meals to all students regardless of
income (universal free meals);
Administrative procedures: Schools or districts process applications
and determine eligibility for free and reduced-price meals in the first
year (base year) of a 4-year period. In the subsequent 3 years, they
make no new eligibility determinations;
FNS reimbursement: Calculated by applying the percentages of free,
reduced-price, and full-price meals served during the corresponding
month of the base year to the total meal count for the claiming month;
Meal fees collected: None.
Program type[A]: Provision 3 program;
Description: Schools provide free meals to all students regardless of
income (universal free meals);
Administrative procedures: Schools or districts process applications
and determine eligibility for free and reduced-price meals in the first
year (base year) of a 5-year period. In the subsequent 4 years, they
make no new eligibility determinations;
FNS reimbursement: Calculated based on the number of free, reduced-
price, and full-price meals served during the base year. In the
following years, SFAs receive the same level of cash subsidies and
commodity assistance as they did in the base year, with adjustments for
changes in enrollment, number of operating days, and inflation;
Meal fees collected: None.
Program type[A]: Elimination of reduced-price fee program;
Description: Schools provide free meals to students who qualify for
reduced-price meals but still collect full-price meal fees from other
students;
Administrative procedures: School districts process applications and
determine eligibility for free and reduced-price meals each school
year;
FNS reimbursement: Calculated based on the number of free, reduced-
price, and full-price meals served;
Meal fees collected: Full-price fee only.
Source: USDA/FNS and GAO interviews.
[A] Provision 1 is a third special school meal provision in the NSLP
and SBP that is not included in this table. Under Provision 1, schools
where at least 80 percent of enrolled students are eligible for free or
reduced-price meals may determine eligibility for free meals once every
2 years. Reimbursement is calculated based on the number of free,
reduced-price, and full-price meals served. There is no requirement to
serve meals at no charge to all students.
[B] According to FNS guidance, Provision 2 may be a good alternative
for schools with a very high percentage of students eligible for free
or reduced-price meals.
[End of table]
[End of section]
Appendix III: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments:
GAO Contact:
Kay E. Brown, (202) 512-7215, brownke@gao.gov:
Staff Acknowledgments:
Heather McCallum Hahn (Assistant Director) and Dan Alspaugh (Analyst-
in-Charge) managed all aspects of the assignment. Caitlin Croake and
Rosemary Torres Lerma made significant contributions to this report, in
all aspects. In addition, Luann Moy provided technical support in
design and methodology, survey research, and statistical analysis;
Susan Baker provided statistical analysis; James Rebbe provided legal
support; Mimi Nguyen provided graphic design assistance; and Susannah
Compton assisted in the message and report development.
[End of section]
Footnotes:
[1] Some of these children participated in both the SBP and the NSLP.
[2] School districts are required to determine whether students are
eligible for free or reduced-price meals based on federal poverty
guidelines.
[3] Pub. L. No. 108-265.
[4] ERP programs are not initiated by USDA; states and school districts
have chosen to implement these initiatives independently. In addition,
while SFAs operate the school meal programs within school districts, we
refer to ERP programs as school district initiatives because the
decision to implement the program was made at the district level.
[5] As a result of our follow up efforts, we revised the preliminary
list of states and districts with ERP programs to include 5 states and
51 districts. However, there may be additional states and districts
with ERP programs that we did not identify as part of this study.
[6] The districts we surveyed were not located in states with statewide
ERP programs.
[7] SFA officials in all 4 of these districts also responded to our
survey.
[8] The jurisdiction of SFAs usually corresponds to school district
areas but can also correspond to single schools or groups of school
districts.
[9] In addition to receiving cash reimbursements, SFAs are entitled to
receive commodity foods from FNS for the school lunch program based on
the number of meals they serve.
[10] According to FNS officials, for the purpose of the school meal
programs, the term "local educational agency" (LEA or the district) is
primarily used for discussing certification and verification
requirements and is used in this context to more clearly convey that
the information an LEA gleans from the school meal programs is used for
other purposes within the LEA. The term "school food authority" is more
commonly used for purposes of operating the school meals program, such
as when discussing agreements or nutritional requirements.
[11] In some cases, parents are not required to submit annual school
meal applications to districts. Under the direct certification process,
students whose households participate in other government assistance
programs such as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
or Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) are automatically
certified as being eligible to receive free meals through
administrative records.
[12] ERS analyzed data from an annual food security survey sponsored by
USDA and conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau as a supplement to the
monthly Current Population Survey. The 2007 food security survey
covered about 45,600 households and was a representative sample of the
U.S. civilian population of 118 million households. ERS found that 11.1
percent of U.S. households, or 13 million households, were food
insecure in 2007.
[13] By participation in school meals, we mean the number of students
that receive school meals rather than the number of meals served. FNS
calculates school meals participation for each fiscal year as a 9-month
average that excludes the summer months. FNS tracks total participation
as well as participation by meal category (free, reduced price, and
full price).
[14] The FNS certification data reflect the number of students
certified for free or reduced-price meals in October 2007, while the
FNS participation data reflects the average number of students who
participated in school lunch and breakfast per month from September
2007 to May 2008.
[15] Quinn Moore, Lara Hulsey, and Michael Ponza. "Factors Associated
with School Meal Participation and the Relationship Between Different
Participation Measures." Final report submitted to the U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Princeton, N.J.: Mathematica
Policy Research, Inc., May 2009.
[16] These special assistance provisions are known as Provision 2 and
Provision 3. However, some districts may choose to provide free meals
without electing these provisions.
[17] According to the Department of Education's most recent data, there
were 13,862 "regular school districts" (excluding education service
agencies) operating in school year 2006-2007. Department of Education,
National Center for Education Statistics, Numbers and Types of Public
Elementary and Secondary Education Agencies From the Common Core of
Data: School Year 2006-07, First Look (Washington, D.C.: 2008).
[18] By students who are eligible for reduced-price meals, we mean
students whom school districts have certified as being eligible for
these meals under federal poverty guidelines.
[19] Officials in the other two states we identified with ERP programs-
Colorado and Minnesota-did not provide us with data on the number of
reduced-price-eligible students who receive school meals.
[20] Of the two districts that reported no change in breakfast
participation, one also reported no change in lunch participation.
[21] Some SFA officials responded to the qualitative survey questions
about the effect of the ERP programs on the participation of reduced-
price-eligible students in school meals but did not provide complete
quantitative data on changes in participation rates among these
students in other survey questions.
[22] We did not collect data on changes in the application rate of
students who are eligible for reduced-price meals. As a result, we do
not know if implementing ERP programs had any effect on the number of
households that applied for school meal benefits.
[23] When we conducted our survey from December 2008 to March 2009, the
2007-2008 school year was the most recent school year completed. In our
survey, we identified one other program that began in school year 2007-
2008, and while the SFA official indicated that both breakfast and
lunch participation increased among the reduced-price-eligible
students, she did not know the before and after participation rates.
For this comparison with national rates, we used the participation rate
changes for the 2007-2008 school year because our survey captured the
start date for ERP programs but did not capture whether the programs
that started in previous years covered breakfast, lunch, or both meals.
[24] Errors related to student eligibility, also known as certification
errors, occur when students are certified to receive free or reduced-
price meal benefits for which they are not eligible or are denied
benefits for which they are eligible. To verify students' eligibility
for free or reduced-price meals, school districts are required to
select a small legislatively prescribed sample of applications that
have already been approved and to obtain documentation of the
households' income or other eligibility criteria. Errors related to
meal counting, also known as noncertification errors, occur in the
stages between certifying students' eligibility status and reporting
meal counts to the state agency for reimbursement, for example, when
cashiers improperly determine whether a meal is reimbursable. USDA
policies and regulations establish an oversight framework for school
meal programs to help ensure accurate meal counting and claiming. State
agencies are required to conduct administrative reviews of each SFA's
lunch program at least every 6 years, including a review of the meal-
counting and -claiming system. At the local level, SFAs are required to
conduct annual on-site reviews of the meal-counting and -claiming
procedures in each school participating in the lunch program. SFAs are
also required to review each school's lunch counts to identify
potential errors before submitting meal claims to states. However,
these reviews do not provide the quantitative data needed to calculate
an error rate.
[25] We obtained information on state and district experiences with
school meal program errors through interviews with the 5 states with
ERP programs, our survey of 35 school districts with ERP programs, and
our interviews with four of these districts. States and districts
reported their judgments of what effect, if any, ERP programs had on
school meal program errors. We did not independently verify
documentation of school meal program reviews.
[26] Specifically, this state implemented an ERP lunch program covering
students in selected grades. Before the state implemented this program,
districts reported the total number of reduced-price meals served.
However, under the ERP lunch program for selected grades, districts
were required to begin reporting the number of reduced-price meals
served by grade, using a new reimbursement claim form. Some districts
either failed to claim these lunches at all or claimed them twice.
[27] FNS provides cash reimbursements to SFAs through state agencies on
a per meal basis. States and districts with ERP programs are reimbursed
at the reduced-price rate for the meals that they provide free to
reduced-price-eligible students. We did not determine the additional
cost to the federal government associated with the state-and district-
level ERP programs we identified. A May 2009 Mathematica Policy
Research study estimated that if the reduced-price meal category was
eliminated nationwide, the additional cost to the federal government
would be approximately $477 million. According to Mathematica, this
study's findings suggest that eliminating the reduced-price meal
category would increase the participation of reduced-price-eligible
students in lunch but not in breakfast.
[28] In addition, an SFA official in one district told us that the ERP
program increased school meal program revenue, and said that this
additional revenue did not cover program costs, but did not answer the
survey question about why revenue increased.
[29] For GAO reports addressing issues related to the sale of à la
carte foods (also known as competitive foods), see GAO, School Meal
Programs: Competitive Foods Are Widely Available and Generate
Substantial Revenues for Schools, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-05-563] (Washington, D.C.: Aug 8, 2005)
and School Meal Programs: Competitive Foods Are Available in Many
Schools; Actions Taken to Restrict Them Differ by State and Locality,
[hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-04-673] (Washington, D.C.:
Apr 23, 2004).
[30] Food and labor costs account for the vast majority of school meal
program costs at the district level. Assuming that ERP programs
increase participation in school meals, if labor costs stay the same,
the additional cost of the ERP program to the district is the cost of
purchasing food to serve to new participants plus the cost of the
reduced-price fees that were being paid by reduced-price-eligible
students before the ERP program was implemented.
[31] The SFA officials in the school districts we surveyed reported
their opinions on what effect, if any, ERP programs had on students'
attitudes about school meals and parents' level of satisfaction with
school meals. Districts did not conduct research on students' attitudes
or parents' level of satisfaction.
[32] A. F. Meyers, A. E. Sampson, M. Weitzman, B. L. Rogers, and H.
Kayne, "School Breakfast Program and School Performance," American
Journal of Diseases of Children, vol. 143, no.10 (1989).
[33] J. M. Murphy, M. E. Pagano, J. Nachmani, P. Sperling, S. Kane, and
R. E. Kleinman, "The Relationship of School Breakfast to Psychosocial
and Academic Functioning: Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Observations
in an Inner-city School Sample," Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent
Medicine, vol. 152, no.9 (1998).
[34] A. F. Meyers et al., "School Breakfast Program and School
Performance," 1234; J. M. Murphy et al., "The Relationship of School
Breakfast to Psychosocial and Academic Functioning: Cross-sectional and
Longitudinal Observations in an Inner-city School Sample," 899.
[35] In November 2008, GAO estimated an operating deficit in the state
and local sectors in the $100 billion-$200 billion range, which was
consistent with estimates reported by the National Conference of State
Legislatures, the National Governors Association, the Urban Institute,
and others. GAO, Update of State and Local Government Fiscal Pressures,
[hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-320R] (Washington, D.C.:
Jan. 26, 2009).
[36] During our efforts to schedule questionnaire pretests, we
determined that three additional districts included in the FNS list did
not have ERP programs, and we also identified one additional district
with an ERP program through a newspaper article.
[37] Several of the districts that we removed from the FNS list had
universal free meals programs.
[38] The districts we surveyed were not located in the 5 states with
ERP programs (Colorado, Maine, Minnesota, Vermont, and Washington).
[39] However, 7 districts did not respond to our survey or further
attempts to contact them. As a result, we could not confirm that these
districts had ERP programs.
[40] U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office
of Research, Nutrition, and Analysis, NSLP/SBP Access, Participation,
Eligibility, and Certification Study-Erroneous Payments in the NSLP and
SBP, Vol. I: Study Findings, by Michael Ponza et al. Project Officer:
John R Endahl. Alexandria, Va.: 2007.
[41] U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office
of Research, Nutrition, and Analysis, School Lunch and Breakfast Cost
Study-II, Final Report, by Susan Bartlett et al. Project Officers:
Patricia McKinney and John R Endahl. Alexandria, Va.: 2008.
[42] Quinn Moore, Lara Hulsey, and Michael Ponza. "Factors Associated
with School Meal Participation and the Relationship Between Different
Participation Measures." Final report submitted to the U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Princeton, N.J.: Mathematica
Policy Research, Inc., May 2009.
[43] Another special provision, known as Provision 1, reduces
application burdens by allowing free eligibility to be certified for a
2-year period. However, Provision 1 does not require that meals be
served at no charge to all students.
[44] During the 2007-2008 school year, 2,926 schools were participating
in Provision 2 or Provision 3 but were not operating in a base year.
There may have been additional schools that were operating in a base
year.
[End of section]
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