International Trade
Effective Export Programs Can Help In Achieving U.S. Economic Goals Gao ID: GAO-09-480T March 17, 2009This testimony summarizes observations regarding export promotion challenges from a range of work that GAO has conducted for Congress over the past 4 years. Congress has expressed longstanding concerns regarding several aspects of U.S. export promotion efforts, especially interagency coordination, meeting the needs of small businesses, and effectively enforcing trade agreements.
GAO has reviewed the Trade Promotion Coordinating Committee (TPCC) several times since its inception and testified in 2006 that the TPCC had made progress over time in improving interagency coordination. However, its National Export Strategy continued to provide limited information on agencies' goals and progress relative to broad national priorities. GAO states in this testimony that the 2008 National Export Strategy contains information about the status of priority initiatives identified in the prior year's report. It also contains information on individual TPCC member agencies' export promotion strategies and results. However, the strategy still lacks an overall review of agencies' allocation of resources relative to government-wide export promotion priorities. Promoting exports by small businesses has been a perennial priority in the National Export Strategy. While many small businesses export, it is widely recognized that they face a number of challenges in exporting. For example, GAO identified two challenges to monitoring the Export-Import Bank's support for small businesses: (1) developing effective performance measures and (2) maintaining reliable data and reporting. A top trade priority for the United States is opening foreign markets for U.S. goods and services by ensuring that U.S. trading partners comply with existing trade agreements. GAO reviews have raised questions about (1) U.S. government efforts to monitor and enforce trade agreements and (2) the sufficiency of agencies' human capital for performing monitoring and enforcement responsibilities.
GAO-09-480T, International Trade: Effective Export Programs Can Help In Achieving U.S. Economic Goals
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Testimony:
Before the Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade, and Consumer Protection,
Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives:
United States Government Accountability Office:
GAO:
For Release on Delivery:
Expected at 10:00 a.m. EDT:
Tuesday, March 17, 2009:
International Trade:
Effective Export Programs Can Help In Achieving U.S. Economic Goals:
Statement of Loren Yager, Director:
International Affairs and Trade:
GAO-09-480T:
[End of section]
Mr. Chairman and Members of the Subcommittee:
Thank you for the opportunity to appear today before the Subcommittee
to provide our perspective on the role of exports in the U.S. economy.
As Congress responds to the rapid deterioration in the U.S. economy, it
must consider the full range of tools available to further growth and
create new jobs for U.S. workers. Some of these tools are related to
promoting exports, which can have broad benefits to the U.S. economy.
Today, I will lay out some observations regarding export promotion
challenges from a range of work that we have conducted for Congress
over recent years.
In my statement today, I will provide some background information
concerning the ways in which exports can enhance U.S. economic output,
and I will summarize some of the work we have conducted to address
congressional interest in promoting the growth of exports and improving
export promotion programs.
My remarks are based on a variety of reports and testimonies we have
issued on a range of international trade issues over the past 4 years.
We conducted this work in accordance with generally accepted government
auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform
the audit to obtain sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a
reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit
objectives. We believe that the evidence obtained provides a reasonable
basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives.
Background:
Exports, and trade more broadly, contribute to the U.S. economy in a
variety of ways. Trade enables the United States to achieve a higher
standard of living through producing and exporting goods and services
that are produced here relatively efficiently, and importing goods and
services that are produced here relatively inefficiently. An indication
of this is that firms engaged in the international marketplace tend to
exhibit higher rates of productivity growth and pay higher wages and
benefits to their workers than domestically oriented firms of the same
size.
U.S. exports of manufactured goods grew from $730 billion in 2004 to
$1.1 trillion in 2008. U.S. exports of non-manufactured products grew
from $89 billion in 2004 to $178 billion in 2008. These exports have
come from every state. For example, in 2008 Illinois exported $49
billion worth of manufactured goods and $5 billion in non-manufactured
goods. Similarly, California exported $127 billion in manufactured
goods and $18 billion in non-manufactured goods, of which nearly $8
billion were agricultural products.
In addition to the longer-term benefits of trade and exports, exports
can serve as a countercyclical force for the U.S. economy,
strengthening the economy when other parts of it are relatively weaker.
For a number of years, as the United States increasingly imported more
than we exported, the U.S. economy was an engine of growth for other
nations. In contrast, when the U.S. economy slowed in 2007 and much of
2008, U.S. economic growth was boosted by an improving trade balance.
With strong global demand for U.S. goods and services, increases in net
exports (exports minus imports) accounted for over half of U.S.
economic growth in the past 2 years. Unfortunately, when U.S. trading
partners are also experiencing economic downturns, as we are currently
seeing, the potential for trade to continue to serve as a
countercyclical force is diminished.
GAO Has Addressed Longstanding Concerns about Challenges to Achieving
Economic Benefits through Export Promotion:
Congress has expressed longstanding concerns regarding several aspects
of U.S. export promotion efforts, especially regarding interagency
coordination, meeting the needs of small businesses, and effectively
enforcing trade agreements. We have addressed these concerns by
reviewing and providing recommendations on a wide range of U.S.
policies and programs that have the potential to increase U.S. exports.
Effective export promotion policies are always important, but are of
particular interest in the current environment. My statement today will
address three policy areas: (1) coordinating export promotion programs;
(2) effectively meeting the needs of small businesses; and (3)
monitoring and enforcing trade agreements to broaden U.S. access to
foreign markets.
Coordination of Export Promotion Efforts Can Help Maximize Benefits
from Agency Activities:
The Trade Promotion Coordinating Committee (TPCC) is charged with
providing a unifying interagency framework to coordinate U.S. export
promotion activities and develop a government-wide strategic plan. TPCC
member agencies provide a wide range of export promotion activities,
including the Department of Commerce's advice and advocacy to
businesses during the export process, the Department of Agriculture's
financing for promotional activities, and the Export-Import Bank's (Ex-
Im) loan guarantees for foreign buyers of U.S. exports. According to
the TPCC's 2008 National Export Strategy, nine member agencies had
about $1.3 billion in budget authority for export promotion programs in
fiscal year 2008.[Footnote 1] Two agencies accounted for more than
three quarters of the reported total export promotion budget--
Agriculture with $644 million and Commerce with $339 million, followed
by the Department of State with $184 million. Other agencies can play
significant roles in export promotion, despite their smaller budget
authorities. Ex-Im, for example, has recently requested no budget
authority, projecting that the fees it collects will offset its costs.
Nonetheless, in fiscal year 2008, Ex-Im authorized $14.4 billion in
loans, guarantees, and export-credit insurance to support U.S. exports.
One of the longstanding congressional concerns we have addressed is a
lack of effective coordination of trade promotion activities. We have
reviewed the TPCC several times since its inception and we testified in
2006 that the TPCC had made progress over time in improving
coordination.[Footnote 2] However, we also testified that its National
Export Strategy continued to provide limited information on agencies'
goals and progress relative to broad national priorities. Examples of
positive steps we reported on across TPCC member agencies included
improvements in interagency training and joint outreach to better serve
small business. We further noted that the strategies did not review
agencies' allocation of resources in relation to government-wide export
promotion priorities. We note now that the 2008 National Export
Strategy contains information regarding the status of priority
initiatives identified in the prior year's annual report. It also
contains information on individual TPCC member agencies' export
promotion strategies and results. However, the strategy still lacks an
overall review of agencies' allocation of resources relative to
government-wide export promotion priorities.
Broadening Trade Benefits by Increasing Small Business Exports Is a
Trade Priority:
Promoting exports by small businesses has been a perennial priority in
the National Export Strategy. In addition, USTR's 2009 Trade Policy
Agenda calls for using trade and commercial policies to help small and
medium businesses become more effective competitors and exporters in
the global marketplace. While many small businesses export, it is
widely recognized that they face a number of challenges in exporting.
[Footnote 3] For example, small businesses typically do not have
overseas offices and may not have much knowledge regarding foreign
markets. Export promotion agencies have developed various goals with
respect to their small business assistance, and in some cases Congress
has mandated specific requirements for supporting small businesses.
My remarks will focus on our findings regarding Ex-Im's efforts to
address congressional mandates regarding its small business financing.
Since the 1980s, Congress has required that Ex-Im, which provides
loans, loan guarantees, and insurance to finance U.S. exports, make
available a certain percentage of its export financing for small
business. Since 2002, Congress has required that share be at least 20
percent. Moreover, in Ex-Im's 2006 reauthorization, Congress directed
Ex-Im to establish performance standards for assessing its small
business financing efforts, including activities directed at businesses
owned by socially and economically disadvantaged individuals and women.
We identified two types of challenges in monitoring Ex-Im's support for
small businesses:
* Developing effective performance measures. We found that Ex-Im had
developed performance standards for assessing its small business
financing efforts in most, although not all, of the areas specified by
Congress, ranging from providing excellent customer service to
increasing outreach.[Footnote 4] We also found that some measures for
monitoring progress against the standards lacked targets and
timeframes, and that Ex-Im was just beginning to compile and use the
small business information it was collecting to improve operations. GAO
made several recommendations to Ex-Im for improving its performance
standards and Ex-Im agreed to take steps to address them.
* Maintaining reliable data and reporting. In 2006, we found weaknesses
in Ex-Im's data and data systems for tracking small business financing
and made recommendations for improvement; Ex-Im has taken steps to
address those weaknesses.[Footnote 5] One notable improvement has been
the introduction of "Ex-Im Online," an interactive, web-based process
that allows exporters, brokers, and financial institutions to transact
with Ex-Im electronically. This contributed to more timely and accurate
information on Ex-Im's financing, and thus a greater level of
confidence in Ex-Im's reporting on its efforts relative to
congressional goals.
Trade Agreements Need to Be Effectively Monitored and Enforced to
Ensure U.S. Companies Can Benefit:
A top trade priority for the United States is opening foreign markets
for U.S. goods and services by ensuring that U.S. trading partners
comply with existing trade agreements. These agreements have addressed
traditional barriers to trade such as tariffs, as well as other
obstacles ranging from weak intellectual property protection to
selective enforcement of agricultural inspection requirements. As a
result, monitoring and enforcing these agreements--which number in the
hundreds and cover the vast majority of U.S. exports--is a key
responsibility for U.S. government agencies.
Congress has expressed longstanding concerns regarding a number of
issues, of which I will discuss two related issues:
* Effective monitoring and enforcement of trade agreements. We have
reported on a variety of issues related to monitoring and enforcing the
broad range of U.S. trade agreements with a number of countries.
[Footnote 6] For example, since China's accession to the World Trade
Organization in 2001, Congress has been keenly interested in the extent
to which China is complying with its obligations. As a result, we have
performed a large body of work examining U.S. government efforts to
oversee China's implementation of its trade obligations. Most recently,
we reviewed USTR's annual reporting on China's compliance.[Footnote 7]
Our analysis of these reports identified about 180 compliance issues
with China, ranging from agriculture policies to China's legal system.
Of these, we found that USTR had resolved 23 percent, achieved some
progress on 40 percent, and made no progress on 37 percent. We are also
in the process of completing a report analyzing the results of free
trade agreements between the United States and four countries.
* Sufficiency of agencies' human capital to perform monitoring and
enforcement responsibilities. We have previously reported that the
workload for agencies responsible for monitoring and enforcing trade
agreements has increased significantly and that the agreements they
monitor and enforce have become more complex.[Footnote 8] Effective
monitoring and enforcement requires significant expertise--often
involving staff with expertise in trade policy, the foreign country,
and the particular industry. However, we have found that trade agencies
face constraints to developing and accessing necessary expertise. For
example, after identifying a lack of training for U.S. government staff
overseas regarding monitoring and enforcing trade agreements, we
recommended that key trade agencies jointly develop a strategy for
meeting those training needs to better equip staff to handle
increasingly complex or technical barriers to U.S. exports. Let me also
mention that while in China last week, I heard a number of examples of
situations in which having specialized U.S. government personnel in the
embassy and consulates can be a great benefit to U.S. firms and their
ability to serve foreign markets.
Chairman Rush and Ranking Member Radanovich, this concludes my remarks.
I appreciate the opportunity to discuss these issues with you today. We
would be glad to work with the Subcommittee in the future on other
issues related to foreign commerce. I am happy to answer any questions
you may have.
Contact and Acknowledgments:
For further information about this testimony, please contact me at
(202) 512-4347 or by e-mail at YagerL@gao.gov. Celia Thomas (Assistant
Director), Jason Bair, Adam Cowles, Gezahegne Bekele, Karen Deans, and
Richard Krashevski made contributions to this testimony.
[End of section]
Footnotes:
[1] TPCC has 20 member agencies. However, it generally reports in the
National Export Strategy on the budgets and activities of around 10.
The 2008 strategy included budget authority information for 9 agencies:
Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, State, and the Treasury; Ex-Im,
Overseas Private Investment Corporation, Small Business Administration,
U.S. Trade and Development Agency, and the Office of the U.S. Trade
Representative.
[2] GAO, Export Promotion: Trade Promotion Coordinating Committee's
Role Remains Limited, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-06-660T] (Washington, D.C.: April 26,
2006).
[3] According to the 2008 National Export Strategy, 97 percent of firms
that export are small or medium enterprises. However, a very low
proportion--less than 1 percent--of U.S. firms export.
[4] See GAO, Export-Import Bank: Performance Standards for Small
Business Assistance Are in Place but Ex-Im Is in the Early Stages of
Measuring Their Effectiveness, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-915] (Washington, D.C.: Jul. 17,
2008).
[5] See GAO, Export-Import Bank: Changes Would Improve the Reliability
of Reporting on Small Business Financing, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-06-351] (Washington, D.C.: March 3,
2006) and GAO, Export Promotion: Export-Import Bank has Met Target for
Small Business Financing Share, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-419T] (Washington, D.C. Jan. 17,
2008).
[6] See, for example, GAO, International Trade: Further Improvements
Needed to Handle Growing Workload for Monitoring and Enforcing Trade
Agreements, [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-05-537]
(Washington, D.C.: June 30, 2005).
[7] GAO, U.S.-China Trade: USTR's China Compliance Reports and Plans
Could Be Improved, [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-405]
(Washington, D.C.: April 14, 2008).
[8] [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-05-537].
[End of section]
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