Foreign Investment

In 1988, Congress enacted the Exon-Florio legislation authorizing the President to suspend or prohibit foreign acquisitions, mergers, or takeovers of U.S. companies when there is credible evidence that a foreign controlling interest might threaten national security and when other legislation cannot provide adequate protection. The President delegated authority to review foreign investment transactions to an interagency group--the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States. This report examines (1) the characteristics of foreign investments and the extent to which these investments are reported to the Committee and (2) the factors that the Committee considers in deciding whether foreign investment would results in foreign companies' control of U.S. companies, whether the acquiring company is controlled by a foreign government, and whether there are associated national security risks. GAO analyzed these issues for a sample of 16 cases that the Committee reviewed in 1992 and 1993.

GAO found that: (1) about two-thirds of the cases notified to CFIUS between October 1988 and May 1994 involved defense-related and high-technology industries that raised possible national security concerns; (2) many companies voluntarily notified CFIUS of proposed investments in and acquisitions of U.S. companies, but, according to two private-sector databases, many others did not; (3) the CFIUS process was not intended to provide a comprehensive screening mechanism for all foreign investment although CFIUS officials expressed the view that, because CFIUS clearance essentially eliminates the risk of a forced divestiture, most transactions affecting national security are reported; (4) in deciding whether a foreign investment will result in a foreign company gaining control of a U.S. company, CFIUS considers many factors related to the investor's ability to affect key company decisions; (5) when deciding on foreign government control, CFIUS examines the extent to which a foreign government owns and controls the acquiring company; (6) of the 174 transactions filed between the 1992 legislation and December 1994, CFIUS decided there was foreign government control in 18 cases; (7) none of these cases were investigated since CFIUS decided the national security concerns were not sufficient to warrant further investigation; (8) the Exon-Florio legislation does not provide a precise definition of national security, and neither the statute nor the implementing regulations contain guidelines for weighing the various factors considered in examining the national security risks of a transaction; (9) as a result, CFIUS agencies have significant flexibility in making such judgments; (10) CFIUS members noted that they rely primarily on the Department of Defense's (DOD) assessment of national security risks; (11) the 1992 legislation requires DOD to direct appropriate defense intelligence and other agencies to assess the risks of diversion when DOD decides that a CFIUS case involves a company engaged in the development of defense-critical technology or is otherwise important to the defense industrial or technology base; and (12) of the 174 cases reviewed between October 1992 and December 1994, the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Economic Security found that 9 cases required a risk of diversion assessment.