Homeland Defense
Actions Needed to Improve Management of Air Sovereignty Alert Operations to Protect U.S. Airspace Gao ID: GAO-09-184 January 27, 2009According to U.S. intelligence, the threat to U.S airspace remains. The North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) is to defend U.S. air space and the U.S. Air Force has 18 sites in the United States that conduct air sovereignty alert (ASA) operations. ASA operations support fighter aircraft in conducting homeland air defense operations. GAO examined the extent to which (1) NORAD has adopted a risk-based management approach to determine ASA operational requirements; (2) the Air Force has implemented ASA operations as a steady-state mission in accordance with Department of Defense (DOD), NORAD, and Air Force directives and guidance; (3) the Air Force assesses the readiness of units conducting ASA operations; and (4) the Air Force faces challenges in sustaining ASA operations for the future and what plans, if any, it has to address such challenges. GAO reviewed relevant ASA guidance, directives, and planning documents; and interviewed DOD officials, including the commanders of all 18 ASA sites.
Responding to individual requests from DOD, NORAD has done some assessments to determine ASA operational requirements. NORAD has not adopted a risk-based approach to determining ASA requirements, including routine risk assessments. Although GAO previously reported on the benefits to organizations that routinely do risk assessments to determine program requirements, NORAD does not conduct such assessments because DOD does not require NORAD to do so. However, such assessments could enhance NORAD's ability to determine and apply the appropriate levels and types of units, personnel, and aircraft for the ASA mission. The Air Force has not implemented ASA operations in accordance with DOD, NORAD, and Air Force directives and guidance, which instruct the Air Force to establish ASA as a steady-state (ongoing and indefinite) mission. The Air Force has not implemented the 140 actions it identified to establish ASA as a steady-state mission, which included integrating ASA operations into the Air Force's planning, programming, and funding cycle. The Air Force has instead been focused on other priorities, such as overseas military operations. While implementing ASA as a steady-state mission would not solve all of the challenges the units must address, it would help them mitigate some of the challenges associated with conducting both their ASA and warfighting missions. NORAD has partially assessed the readiness of ASA units; however the Air Force has not evaluated personnel, training, and quantity and quality of equipment. Readiness measures are designed to ensure that DOD forces are properly trained, equipped, and prepared to conduct their assigned missions. For example, while NORAD evaluated the extent to which aircraft were maintained for ASA operations and the units' ability to respond to an alert and to locate and intercept aircraft, it did not evaluate training. Because the Air Force has not implemented ASA as a steady-state mission or formally assigned the mission to the units, it does not assess ASA readiness. By assessing the readiness of units that consistently conduct ASA operations, DOD would be better assured that these units are organized, trained, and equipped to perform ASA operations. The Air Force faces two challenges to sustaining its ASA capabilities over the long term--(1) replacing or extending the service life of aging fighter aircraft and (2) replacing ASA units with equipment and trained personnel when they deploy. For example, if aircraft are not replaced by 2020, 11 of the 18 current air sovereignty alert sites could be without aircraft. The Air Force has not developed plans to mitigate these challenges because it has been focused on other priorities. Plans would provide the Air Force information that could assist it in ensuring the long-term sustainability of ASA operations and the capability of ASA units to protect U.S. airspace.
RecommendationsOur recommendations from this work are listed below with a Contact for more information. Status will change from "In process" to "Open," "Closed - implemented," or "Closed - not implemented" based on our follow up work.
Director: Team: Phone:GAO-09-184, Homeland Defense: Actions Needed to Improve Management of Air Sovereignty Alert Operations to Protect U.S. Airspace
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Report to Congressional Requesters:
United States Government Accountability Office:
GAO:
January 2009:
Homeland Defense:
Actions Needed to Improve Management of Air Sovereignty Alert
Operations to Protect U.S. Airspace:
GAO-09-184:
GAO Highlights:
Highlights of GAO-09-184, a report to congressional requesters.
Why GAO Did This Study:
According to U.S. intelligence, the threat to U.S airspace remains. The
North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) is to defend U.S. air
space and the U.S. Air Force has 18 sites in the United States that
conduct air sovereignty alert (ASA) operations. ASA operations support
fighter aircraft in conducting homeland air defense operations. GAO
examined the extent to which (1) NORAD has adopted a risk-based
management approach to determine ASA operational requirements; (2) the
Air Force has implemented ASA operations as a steady-state mission in
accordance with Department of Defense (DOD), NORAD, and Air Force
directives and guidance; (3) the Air Force assesses the readiness of
units conducting ASA operations; and (4) the Air Force faces challenges
in sustaining ASA operations for the future and what plans, if any, it
has to address such challenges. GAO reviewed relevant ASA guidance,
directives, and planning documents; and interviewed DOD officials,
including the commanders of all 18 ASA sites.
What GAO Found:
Responding to individual requests from DOD, NORAD has done some
assessments to determine ASA operational requirements. NORAD has not
adopted a risk-based approach to determining ASA requirements,
including routine risk assessments. Although GAO previously reported on
the benefits to organizations that routinely do risk assessments to
determine program requirements, NORAD does not conduct such assessments
because DOD does not require NORAD to do so. However, such assessments
could enhance NORAD‘s ability to determine and apply the appropriate
levels and types of units, personnel, and aircraft for the ASA mission.
The Air Force has not implemented ASA operations in accordance with
DOD, NORAD, and Air Force directives and guidance, which instruct the
Air Force to establish ASA as a steady-state (ongoing and indefinite)
mission. The Air Force has not implemented the 140 actions it
identified to establish ASA as a steady-state mission, which included
integrating ASA operations into the Air Force‘s planning, programming,
and funding cycle. The Air Force has instead been focused on other
priorities, such as overseas military operations. While implementing
ASA as a steady-state mission would not solve all of the challenges the
units must address, it would help them mitigate some of the challenges
associated with conducting both their ASA and warfighting missions.
NORAD has partially assessed the readiness of ASA units; however the
Air Force has not evaluated personnel, training, and quantity and
quality of equipment. Readiness measures are designed to ensure that
DOD forces are properly trained, equipped, and prepared to conduct
their assigned missions. For example, while NORAD evaluated the extent
to which aircraft were maintained for ASA operations and the units‘
ability to respond to an alert and to locate and intercept aircraft, it
did not evaluate training. Because the Air Force has not implemented
ASA as a steady-state mission or formally assigned the mission to the
units, it does not assess ASA readiness. By assessing the readiness of
units that consistently conduct ASA operations, DOD would be better
assured that these units are organized, trained, and equipped to
perform ASA operations.
The Air Force faces two challenges to sustaining its ASA capabilities
over the long term”(1) replacing or extending the service life of aging
fighter aircraft and (2) replacing ASA units with equipment and trained
personnel when they deploy. For example, if aircraft are not replaced
by 2020, 11 of the 18 current air sovereignty alert sites could be
without aircraft. The Air Force has not developed plans to mitigate
these challenges because it has been focused on other priorities. Plans
would provide the Air Force information that could assist it in
ensuring the long-term sustainability of ASA operations and the
capability of ASA units to protect U.S. airspace.
What GAO Recommends:
GAO recommends that DOD conduct routine risk assessments, implement ASA
as a steady-state mission, and develop plans to address future
challenges. DOD agreed with some and partially agreed with other
recommendations. GAO clarified the recommendations based on DOD
comments on a draft of this report.
To view the full product, including the scope and methodology, click on
[hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-09-184]. For more
information, contact Davi M. D'Agostino at (202) 512-5431 or
dagostinod@gao.gov.
[End of section]
Contents:
Letter:
Results in Brief:
Background:
NORAD Has Assessed ASA Operational Requirements but Not on a Routine
Basis as Part of a Risk-Based Management Approach:
The Air Force Has Not Implemented ASA Operations as a Steady-State
Mission in Accordance with NORAD, DOD, and Air Force Directives and
Guidance:
Readiness of Units Performing ASA Operations is Partially Assessed by
NORAD and PACOM but Not by the Air Force:
ASA Operations Face Significant Challenges to Long-Term Sustainability,
but the Air Force Has Not Developed Plans to Mitigate These Challenges:
Conclusion:
Recommendations for Executive Action:
Agency Comments and Our Evaluation:
Appendix I: Scope and Methodology:
Appendix II: Comments from the Department of Defense:
Appendix III: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgements:
Related GAO Products:
Tables:
Table 1: A Five-Phase Risk-Based Management Framework:
Table 2: DOD Commands and Organizations That We Visited During This
Review:
Table 3: ASA Units That We Contacted During Our Structured Interviews:
Figures:
Figure 1: F-15s on Alert at Portland, Oregon ASA Site:
Figure 2: F-16 on Alert at Atlantic City, New Jersey ASA Site:
Figure 3: Locations of the 18 Steady-State ASA Sites in the United
States as of October 2008:
Figure 4: Differences Between ASA Operations and Homeland Defense Air
Missions:
Figure 5: Factors Identified by ASA Unit Commanders as Moderately or
Greatly Impacting Units' Ability to Conduct ASA Operations:
Figure 6: Projected Number of Current ASA Sites with and without Viable
Aircraft to Conduct ASA Operations between Fiscal Years 2008 and 2032
based on current F-22 and F-35 Fielding Schedules:
Abbreviations:
AFB: Air Force Base:
ANG: Air National Guard:
ANGB: Air National Guard Base:
ANGS: Air National Guard Station:
ASA: Air Sovereignty Alert:
DOD: Department of Defense:
EXORD: Execution Order:
NGB/ANG: National Guard Bureau/Air National Guard:
NORAD: North American Aerospace Defense Command:
NORTHCOM: U.S. Northern Command:
PACOM: U.S. Pacific Command:
[End of section]
United States Government Accountability Office:
Washington, DC 20548:
January 27, 2009:
The Honorable Patrick Leahy:
United States Senate:
The Honorable Christopher S. Bond:
United States Senate:
The Honorable Gene Taylor:
House of Representatives:
The Honorable Frank A. LoBiondo:
House of Representatives:
In the hours after the tragic events of September 11, 2001, the North
American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) [Footnote 1] engaged in
efforts to defend the air sovereignty of the United States against a
new type of air attack--one that was initiated from within our own
borders. Although federal agencies responsible for protecting domestic
airspace have taken measures to deter such attacks, the National
Strategy for Aviation Security, issued in March 2007, recognizes that
air attacks are still a threat to the United States and its people.
[Footnote 2] U.S. intelligence agencies have also stated that the
threat to U.S air sovereignty remains.
The commander of NORAD is charged with the missions of aerospace
warning and aerospace control for North America.[Footnote 3] To
accomplish these missions, NORAD has fully fueled, fully armed aircraft
and trained personnel on alert 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, at 18
air sovereignty alert (ASA) sites across the United States. The Air
Force provides NORAD with personnel and equipment for these operations
including fighter aircraft, which include F-15 and F-16 aircraft as
shown in figures 1 and 2.
Figure 1: F-15s on Alert at Portland, Oregon ASA Site (photograph):
[Refer to PDF for image]
Source: U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt John Hughel.
[End of figure]
Figure 2: F-16 on Alert at Atlantic City, New Jersey ASA Site
(photograph):
[Refer to PDF for image]
Source: U.S. Air Force photo by Master Sgt Andrew Moseley.
[End of figure]
ASA units, which include both Air National Guard (ANG) and active duty
Air Force personnel, are dual tasked to conduct both expeditionary
missions and ASA operations. ASA operations consist of ground
operations that take place before fighter aircraft take off, including
such activities as maintaining the fighter aircraft. They also include
those activities that may take place after a unit receives an alert
from NORAD but before the aircraft are airborne. For example, pilots
and maintenance personnel may rush from their nearby lodging facility
to the alert aircraft facility, where maintenance personnel conduct
final preparations while the pilots sit in their aircraft awaiting
further instruction (battle station). Alternatively, pilots may taxi
the aircraft to the end of the runway and await further instruction
(runway alert) or take off in response to the alert (scramble).
Once aircraft take off, "alert" operations end and the operation
becomes a homeland defense air mission under Operation NOBLE EAGLE.
[Footnote 4] When this transition occurs, an ANG pilot converts from
Title 32 status under the command and control of the state governor to
federal Title 10 status under the command and control of NORAD.
[Footnote 5] If warranted, NORAD can increase personnel, aircraft, and
the number of ASA sites based on changes in the threat conditions.
According to DOD documents, day-to-day, or steady-state, operations
consist of the current personnel and aircraft at the 18 ASA sites
scattered throughout the United States. This report focuses on the 20
units at the 18 sites that were conducting these steady-state ASA
operations up through September 2008.[Footnote 6]
Given the importance of the capability to deter, detect, and destroy
airborne threats to the United States, it is important that the Air
Force address current and future requirements of the ASA mission to
ensure its long-term sustainability. This includes ASA units' ability
to ensure that units conducting ASA operations are also able to train
for and perform their expeditionary missions. Further, the Air Force
should ensure that it has fighter aircraft available to conduct ASA
operations, since the F-15s and F-16s used for these operations are
beginning to reach the end of their useful service lives.
We have previously reported that one widely accepted method to
effectively determine requirements and manage risk for a mission or
operation is through a five-phase risk management approach.[Footnote 7]
For example, one phase of this approach is a risk assessment phase,
which includes evaluating threats, vulnerabilities, and consequences;
another phase includes evaluating alternatives based on different costs
and other factors.
In light of these issues, you asked that we review the management of
ASA operations. In conducting our review, we examined the extent to
which (1) NORAD has adopted a risk-based management approach to
determine ASA operational requirements; (2) the Air Force has
implemented ASA operations as a steady-state or ongoing and indefinite
mission in accordance with NORAD, DOD, and Air Force directives and
guidance;[Footnote 8] (3) the Air Force assesses the readiness of units
conducting ASA operations; and (4) the Air Force faces challenges in
sustaining ASA operations for the future and what plans, if any, it has
to address such challenges.
To determine the extent to which NORAD has adopted a risk-based
management approach to determine ASA operational requirements, we
compared a widely accepted risk-based management framework to
assessments that NORAD conducted on ASA operations. To determine the
extent to which the Air Force has implemented ASA operations as a
steady-state mission, we reviewed NORAD, DOD, and Air Force guidance
regarding how ASA operations are to be managed. We also interviewed DOD
and Air Force officials and obtained ASA documents that contained
information about the management of ASA operations, including oversight
and funding of the operations. We then compared how the Air Force had
implemented ASA operations to NORAD, DOD, and Air Force guidance. To
determine the extent to which the Air Force assessed the readiness of
units performing ASA operations, we obtained and analyzed DOD guidance
and reviewed the readiness reports of all units that conduct ASA
operations. We reviewed the readiness reports and interviewed unit
officials and determined how well these reports reflected the extent to
which these units were organized, trained, and equipped to conduct ASA
operations. To determine the extent to which the Air Force faces
challenges in sustaining ASA operations for the future and what plans,
if any, it has to address such challenges, we interviewed DOD and Air
Force officials and obtained and reviewed DOD reports that identified
challenges the Air Force will face in sustaining future ASA operations.
We also interviewed DOD and Air Force officials and obtained their
views on the challenges they will face, and we requested any plans
addressing these challenges. We also conducted structured interviews
with the commanders of the 20 alert units located at all 18 ASA sites
and asked them to respond to a variety of questions regarding aspects
of all four objectives.[Footnote 9] We conducted this performance audit
from April 2008 to January 2009 in accordance with generally accepted
government auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and
perform the audit to obtain sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide
a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit
objectives. We believe that the evidence obtained provides a reasonable
basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives.
Additional information on our scope and methodology appears in appendix
I.
Results in Brief:
While NORAD has performed some risk assessments, it has not adopted a
risk-based management approach to determine ASA operational
requirements. In our prior work on management practices, we noted that
an on-going, risk-based management approach, which would include
routine risk assessments, could help effectively manage risk and
determine requirements for federal programs. NORAD has completed three
assessments that we determined could be part of a risk-based management
approach. NORAD completed the first of these assessments after the
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, when it worked with other
federal agencies and determined, based on vulnerabilities and
criticality, which sites should be protected by ASA operations. This
assessment could be considered to be part of the risk assessment phase
of a risk management approach. NORAD did two other assessments, in 2005
and 2006, primarily in response to the 2005 Base Closure and
Realignment Commission process and efforts to cut costs for Operation
NOBLE EAGLE. On both of these occasions, NORAD conducted a cost
evaluation, taking into consideration aviation security improvements--
such as secured cockpits and enhanced passenger screening--that were
made by the Transportation Security Administration since 2001. However,
these assessments were not completed as a result of an established risk-
based management approach intended to routinely manage risk and
determine operational requirements for ASA operations. Instead, NORAD
performed these assessments in response to individual DOD leadership
inquiries about ASA operations. NORAD has not conducted similar
assessments since 2006 because DOD does not require NORAD to manage ASA
operations using a risk management approach, which includes routine
risk assessments. By performing routine risk assessments, NORAD could
better evaluate the extent to which previous threats have been
mitigated by DOD or other government agencies, better evaluate current
and emerging threats to determine which ones require the most urgent
attention, and determine operational requirements to address changing
conditions. Moreover, it could also help NORAD to evaluate alternatives
to current operations, especially in a resource-restricted environment.
Further, such assessments could enhance NORAD's ability to determine
and apply the appropriate level and type of resources--including units,
personnel, and aircraft--for the ASA mission. Therefore, we are
recommending that the Secretary of Defense direct the Commander of the
U.S. command element of NORAD to conduct routine risk assessments to
determine ASA operational requirements.
The Air Force has not implemented ASA operations as a steady-state
(i.e., ongoing and indefinite) mission in accordance with current
NORAD, DOD, and Air Force directives and guidance. In August 2002, the
Air Force issued planning guidance to establish permanent ASA sites to
support homeland defense rather than continuing to conduct ASA actions
on a temporary basis,[Footnote 10] as it had been doing since the
terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Then, in response to a
December 2002 NORAD declaration of a steady-state air defense mission,
the Air Force took further action to establish ASA as a steady-state
capability and issued a directive assigning specific functions and
responsibilities to support the mission. According to the directive,
the Air Force was to take 140 actions to implement a steady-state
mission. For example, the directive required the Air Force Deputy Chief
of Staff for Personnel to ensure that ASA active personnel requirements
were included in the Air Force submission to the Future Years Defense
Program.[Footnote 11] The directive also required the Air Force major
commands to develop the capability to report on the readiness of ASA
activities in DOD's readiness system, [Footnote 12] and the Deputy
Chief of Staff for Personnel to work with the appropriate officials to
limit adverse effects on the careers of personnel affected by the
steady-state mission. Further, in December 2003 the Office of the
Secretary of Defense directed the Air Force to assess and resource long-
term ASA mission requirements in its submission for the 2006 through
2011 Future Years Defense Program.[Footnote 13] However, the Air Force
has not implemented ASA operations as a steady-state mission because,
(1) according to headquarters Air Force officials, it has focused on
other priorities such as overseas military operations, and (2) it
believed that ASA operational requirements, such as number of sites,
might be decreased to pre-September 11, 2001, levels at some point in
the future. ASA units have thus far carried out these operations when
called upon to do so, but have experienced difficulties since the Air
Force has not implemented ASA as a steady-state mission. For example,
officials at 17 of the 20 ASA units that we interviewed told us their
units were adversely affected by short-term personnel assignments,
uncertainty about the future of the mission, and limited opportunities
for career advancement. According to ANG officials who coordinate ASA
operations within the National Guard Bureau (NGB/ANG) and unit
officials conducting ASA operations, while implementing ASA as a steady-
state mission would not solve all of the challenges that the units must
address, it would help them mitigate some of the challenges associated
with conducting both their ASA and expeditionary missions, including
uncertainties regarding personnel issues. Such uncertainties in
employment have led to difficulty in recruiting and retaining
personnel. Therefore, we are recommending that DOD establish a
timetable to implement ASA as a steady-state mission, according to
NORAD, DOD, and Air Force guidance; update the Air Force homeland
defense policy, homeland operations doctrine, and concept of operations
to incorporate and define the roles and responsibilities for ASA
operations; and incorporate the ASA mission within the Air Force
submissions for the 6-year Future Years Defense Program.
While NORAD and PACOM partially assessed the readiness of the units
that carry out ASA operations, the Air Force, as the force provider,
has not evaluated personnel, training, or quantity and quality of
equipment. NORAD conducts two types of assessments that evaluate the
extent to which aircraft are maintained for ASA operations and the
units' ability to respond to an alert and to locate and intercept
aircraft. However, these NORAD evaluations only assess personnel on
duty at the time of the inspection; they do not assess and report the
extent to which all of the unit's personnel involved in the conduct of
ASA operations are adequately trained. Although the Air Force is
responsible for measuring a unit's readiness to perform its missions by
evaluating personnel, training, and quantity and quality of equipment,
it does not assess these factors specifically with respect to ASA
operations. The Air Force has not evaluated these aspects of readiness
because it has not formally assigned ASA as a mission to the units and
included it on the units' mission lists,[Footnote 14] which would be
done as part of implementing ASA operations as a steady-state mission.
Additionally, the Air Force has been focused on other priorities and
headquarters Air Force officials believe that ASA operations might be
decreased to pre-September 11, 2001, levels at some point in the
future. In its comments on a draft of this report DOD pointed out that
other military services could perform ASA operations when circumstances
warrant. Therefore, we are recommending that DOD direct the military
services with units that consistently conduct ASA operations to (1)
formally assign ASA duties to these units and (2) ensure that the
readiness of these units is fully assessed, to include personnel,
training, equipment, and ability to respond to an alert.
The Air Force faces two significant challenges to the long-term
sustainability of its ASA capabilities, and has not developed plans
delineating the actions it will take to mitigate these challenges.
First, according to Air Force documents and personnel, many of the
service's aircraft are the oldest in Air Force history, and they have
become more difficult and expensive to maintain over time. For example,
if aircraft are not replaced within the next few years, our analysis of
Air Force documentation indicates that 11 of the 18 current ASA sites
could be without viable aircraft by 2020.[Footnote 15] In comments on a
draft of this report, DOD indicated that extending the service life of
its F-15 and F-16 aircraft is also an option; however, the Air Force
has yet to determine the extent to which such actions are viable.
Second, while continuing to deploy units for overseas operations and
supporting units that are receiving replacement aircraft, the Air Force
must ensure that units are trained, available, and ready to perform ASA
operations. Currently, when ASA units are deployed, unit commanders
typically try to independently find units to replace them, and unit
officials told us that this can be difficult to do. Similarly, 14 of
the 18 current ASA sites will have to suspend ASA operations for a
period of time between 2010 and 2020, as their aircraft reach the end
of their useful service lives or they are equipped with new fighter
aircraft. According to Air Force officials, the Air Force has not
addressed these challenges because it has been focused on other
priorities. Failure to develop detailed plans to address these
challenges could jeopardize the Air Force's ability to protect U.S.
airspace in the future. Therefore, we are recommending that DOD develop
and implement a plan to address any projected capability gaps in ASA
units due to the expected end of useful service lives of the F-15s and
F-16s. We are also recommending that DOD develop and implement a formal
method to replace deploying units that still provides unit commanders
flexibility to coordinate replacements.
DOD provided written comments on a draft of this report. DOD agreed
with some and partially agreed with other recommendations. However, in
its comments, DOD did not commit to taking actions on the steps we were
recommending. Therefore, we clarified some of our recommendations. We
clarified our recommendation to use a comprehensive risk-based
management approach in determining ASA operational requirements to
specify the need to routinely conduct risk assessments to better ensure
ASA operational requirements are appropriately determined. We also
clarified our recommendation to implement ASA as a steady-state mission
to suggest that the Air Force establish a timetable for implementing
ASA since DOD's response did not set a timetable for doing so.
Regarding assigning ASA duties to Air Force units performing ASA
operations and ensuring their readiness, we clarified the
recommendation to make it clearer that the military services that have
units consistently conducting ASA operations formally assign ASA duties
to these units and ensure their readiness to conduct these duties.
Responding to our recommendation that the Air Force develop and
implement a plan to address fighter capability gaps, DOD did not
clearly agree to ensure the fighter gaps we identified would be
addressed in Air Force plans. We continue to believe that our evidence
supports the need to address these capability gaps in Air Force
planning. Lastly, on our recommendation to develop and implement a
formal method that includes ASA unit commanders' flexibility to replace
deploying units, we believe DOD's plan should be responsive to our
recommendation, if the ASA mission is formally assigned to the
performing units. A summary of DOD's comments and a summary of our
response to these comments follow the conclusion section of this
report. DOD's written comments are attached to this report as appendix
II.
Background:
Protecting U.S. airspace has changed over the years. During the Cold
War, DOD focused its air defense operations to protect U.S. airspace
from air threats originating from the former Soviet Union. Today,
several DOD organizations are involved in air defense and ASA
operations, which have expanded to include the defense of U.S. airspace
from air threats originating from within the United States. Because ASA
operations are considered the last line of defense against air threats,
it is crucial for this capability to be functioning.
History of ASA and Current Roles and Responsibilities:
During the Cold War, NORAD positioned fighter aircraft across the
United States and Canada to protect North America from a strategic
attack by Soviet bombers. Alert fighter aircraft were manned by a
dedicated force that was not assigned to other missions, and aircraft
were armed, fueled, and ready at all times. As many as 5,800 aircraft
were on alert in 1958, but the number of aircraft diminished over the
years, as did the number of designated alert sites. By 1997 officials
had suggested a "four corners" defense, maintaining alert sites in
Massachusetts, Oregon, California, and Florida. By September 11, 2001,
only 14 interceptor aircraft were sitting alert in the United States.
According to DOD's 2008 National Defense Strategy and its 2005 Strategy
for Homeland Defense and Civil Support,[Footnote 16] protecting the
U.S. homeland from direct attack is DOD's highest priority. After the
events of September 11, 2001, DOD initiated Operation NOBLE EAGLE,
which shifted NORAD's responsibilities to include protecting U.S.
airspace from air threats originating from within the United States.
NORTHCOM is the military command responsible for executing DOD's
homeland defense and civil support mission within its area of
responsibility--including the continental United States, Alaska, and
territorial waters. The commander of NORTHCOM also commands NORAD. The
NORAD commander is responsible for the command and control of homeland
air defense and delegates much of this command and control function to
one of its three regional commanders.[Footnote 17] Although neither
NORAD nor the Secretary of Defense specifies which military service
must provide fighter aircraft to conduct ASA operations, the Air Force
is currently providing 100 percent of the fighter aircraft. The Air
Force is responsible for organizing, training, and equipping Air Force
units. With regard to ASA operations, the Air Force has delegated the
responsibility of organizing, training, and equipping combat-ready
forces to its major commands. Specifically, Air Combat Command is
responsible for providing air defense forces to NORAD and Pacific Air
Forces Command is responsible for providing air defense forces to
Hawaii. Alert forces deployed in Alaska are provided by PACOM. NORAD
has established a binational subcommand under the leadership of a
general officer who is responsible for both NORAD and PACOM activities.
The commander of First Air Force is also the commander of the
Continental NORAD Region and the Air Forces Northern Command. In each
of these capacities, the commander has different responsibilities with
regard to ASA operations. For example, as a numbered Air Force
commander (i.e., First Air Force), the commander has the responsibility
of ensuring the readiness of forces for air sovereignty and air defense
of the continental United States. As the commander of the Continental
NORAD Region, the commander is responsible for providing airspace
surveillance and control and directing all air sovereignty activities
for the continental United States. The role and responsibilities of
being the commander of Air Forces Northern Command include air
component planning, execution, and assessment of support to civil
authorities (e.g., air operations during hurricane recovery) and
command of air forces in support of NORTHCOM homeland defense missions.
While the First Air Force, Continental NORAD Region, and Air Forces
Northern Command have these responsibilities, the ASA units that
conduct ASA operations are assigned to different numbered Air Forces
within the Air Force's Air Combat Command, Air Education and Training
Command, or Pacific Air Force Command for their expeditionary missions.
[Footnote 18]
There are currently 20 units at 18 designated steady-state alert sites
in the United States, as shown in figure 3. The ANG provides the
personnel and equipment at 16 of the 18 ASA sites while the active duty
Air Force provides the personnel and equipment at the remaining 2
sites.
Figure 3: Locations of the 18 Steady-State ASA Sites in the United
States as of October 2008:
[Refer to PDF for image]
This figure is a map of the United States indicating the locations of
the 18 steady-state ASA sites in the United States as of October 2008,
as follows:
Burlington[A], Vermont: Home station;
Atlantic City, New Jersey: Home station;
Andrews, Maryland: Home station;
Langley{b}, Virginia: Alert detachment;
Shaw, South Carolina: Home station;
Homestead[C], Florida: Alert detachment;
New Orleans, Louisiana: Home station;
Ellington{d}, Texas: Alert detachment;
Toledo, Ohio: Home station;
Madison, Wisconsin: Home station;
Duluth, Minnesota: Home station;
Buckley, Colorado: Home station;
Tucson, Arizona: Home station;
March[E], California: Alert detachment;
Fresno, California: Home station;
Portland, Oregon: Home station;
Elmendorf, Alaska: Home station;
Hickam, Hawaii: Home station.
Source: GAO analysis of DOD data.
[A] The Vermont ANG unit at Burlington International Airport is
conducting ASA operations until the Massachusetts ANG unit at Barnes
ANGS assumes responsibility for ASA operations in fiscal year 2010.
[B] A detachment from the Vermont ANG conducts ASA operations at
Langley Air Force Base (AFB), Virginia; the South Dakota ANG unit from
Sioux Falls is assisting with ASA operations at this site until the
Massachusetts ANG assumes responsibility for the New England ASA
operations in fiscal year 2010.
[C] ASA operations at Homestead AFB, Florida are conducted by a
detachment from the Jacksonville, Florida ANG unit.
[D] ASA operations at Ellington Field, Texas are conducted by a
detachment from the Tulsa, Oklahoma ANG unit.
[E] ASA operations at March Air Reserve Base, California are conducted
by a detachment from the Fresno, California ANG unit.
[End of figure]
ANG units fulfilling different roles are potentially subject to
different authorities under the United States Code and state laws.
[Footnote 19] ANG units conduct ASA operations in a Title 32 status,
meaning that they are under the command and control of the governor of
the state but federally funded. However, pilots and aircraft of the
same unit engage in an actual airborne air defense operation in a Title
10 status, because they are performing a federal mission under the
command and control of NORAD. Active duty units are always in a Title
10 status, but command and control of pilots and aircraft conducting
ASA operations passes from the local commander to NORAD when performing
air defense operations, as shown in figure 4.
Figure 4: Differences Between ASA Operations and Homeland Defense Air
Missions:
[Refer to PDF for image]
This figure includes photographs and descriptive information on the
differences between ASA Operations and Homeland Defense Air Missions,
as follows:
Air Sovereignty Alert Operations:
[Photograph of F-16 sitting alert at Langley, VA ASA site]
Fully fueled, fully armed fighter aircraft sitting alert 24 hours a day
for 365 days a year.
* Command and control of personnel and equipment remains with the local
commander.
* Costs to maintain alert are supposed to be funded through unit‘s
normal funding methods.
* Air National Guard personnel are in Title 32 status. Active duty
personnel are in Title 10 status.
Homeland Defense Air Missions:
[Photograph of F-15 aircraft scrambles at Hickam, HI ASA site]
An alert aircraft transitions from ASA operations to homeland defense
air operations when it takes off in response to an alert or for
scheduled and random air patrols at important national events and
public gatherings.
* Command and control of personnel and equipment transition to NORAD
command structure.
* Units pay for costs to scramble against ’real world threats“ while
Air Force may reimburse units for training or scheduled air patrols,
such as the Super Bowl.
* Air National Guard personnel transition to and active duty personnel
remain in Title 10 status.
Source: GAO analysis; U.S. Air Force photos by (F-16) Technical Sgt
William Parks, (F-15) Master Sgt Kristen Stanley.
[End of figure]
Because ASA units are dual tasked for their expeditionary missions and
ASA operations, other units fill in to conduct ASA operations when an
ASA unit deploys. ANG units can, on their own, find replacements.
Finding replacement for a unit's ASA operation can entail finding
personnel and aircraft from multiple units.
Risk-Based Management:
GAO has previously reported that a risk-based management approach helps
policymakers make informed decisions and prioritize resource
investments. Risk-based management is a widely endorsed strategy for
helping decision makers make decisions about allocating finite
resources and taking action under conditions of uncertainty. We have
previously recommended a five-phase approach to risk-based management
as shown in table 1.
Table 1: A Five-Phase Risk-Based Management Framework[A]:
Phase: Strategic goals, objectives, and constraints;
Description: Addresses what the strategic goals are attempting to
achieve and the steps needed to attain those results;
Example of elements:
* Overall results desired, i.e., "end state";
* Hierarchy of strategic goals and subordinate objectives related to
those goals;
* Specific activities to achieve results;
* Priorities, milestones, and outcome-related performance measures;
* Limitations or constraints that affect outcomes.
Phase: Risk assessment;
Description: Addresses identification of key elements of potential
risks so that countermeasures can be selected and implemented to
prevent or mitigate their effects;
Example of elements:
* Analysis of threat gained from available sources (This threat
information will be used to develop scenarios. See below);
* Estimation of vulnerability of an asset based on standards, such as;
- availability/predictability;
- accessibility;
- countermeasures in place, and;
- target hardness;
* Identification of consequence of a terrorist attack on a specific
asset and criticality, or the relative importance, of the asset
involved.
Phase: Alternatives evaluation;
Description: Addresses the evaluation of alternative countermeasures to
reduce risk being considered with associated costs;
Example of elements:
* Specific countermeasure(s) to reduce risk;
* Use of external sources to improve decision making, such as
consultation with experts and threat scenarios;
* Cost-benefit analysis of countermeasure(s).
Phase: Management selection;
Description: Addresses where resources and investments will be made
based on alternatives evaluation and other management criteria, such as
availability of funds;
Example of elements:
* Management's preferences and value judgments associated with
expenditure of countermeasures and funds, such as distribution of
antiterrorism measures over assets;
* Organizational risk tolerance;
* Resource allocations;
* Documentation of decisions, including rationale.
Phase: Implementation and monitoring;
Description: Addresses how countermeasures will be applied and
mechanism to keep security measures updated;
Example of elements:
* Implementation of countermeasures according to strategy;
* Periodic testing of countermeasures;
* Linkages to other risk management strategies, state, local, or
private entities (horizontal);
* Linkages to other strategies, both departmental and national
(vertical);
* Mechanisms for alterations in system based on current threat data;
* Periodic evaluation to assess efficiency and effectiveness of
program.
Source: GAO.
[A] GAO, Risk Management: Further Refinements Needed to Assess Risks
and Prioritize Protective Measures at Ports and Other Critical
Infrastructure, GAO-06-91 (Washington, D.C.: Dec. 15, 2005).
[End of table]
The framework should be considered a starting point, and the entire
cycle of risk-based management activities should be viewed as a goal.
The process is dynamic and new information can be entered at any phase.
The framework can be used to inform agency officials and decision
makers of the basic components of a risk-based management system or can
be used as a stand-alone guide. The risk-based management approach as
outlined above is designed to be flexible, in that the approach may be
applied at various organizational levels from a department or a
multiagency organization down to specific projects or operations such
as ASA operations.
As we previously reported, because there is no one uniformly accepted
approach to risk-based management, terms and activities may differ
across applications. In addition, any approach that omits the substance
of the steps may result in resources that are not targeted to the
highest security needs. We also reported that failing to monitor the
implementation of countermeasures, including those implemented by other
agencies, may result in a misallocation of resources. Similarly,
failing to conduct routine or periodic assessments of programs or
operations could result in missed opportunities to increase their
efficiency and effectiveness.
NORAD Has Assessed ASA Operational Requirements but Not on a Routine
Basis as Part of a Risk-Based Management Approach:
We identified three NORAD assessments of ASA operations; however, NORAD
did not perform these assessments--or conduct other actions that would
be part of a risk-based management approach--on a routine basis.
According to our prior work, an ongoing risk-based management approach
is a best practice that enhances an organization's decision making,
including determining operational requirements, and helps to guide the
use of limited resources. A critical phase of implementing a risk-based
management approach is the risk assessment phase, which helps decision
makers identify and evaluate potential risks facing key assets or
missions so that countermeasures can be designed and implemented to
prevent or mitigate the effects of the risks. In addition to the risk
assessment phase, alternatives to current requirements are evaluated
while considering cost and other factors in the alternatives evaluation
phase. Rather than performing these assessments as part of an adopted
comprehensive management approach to manage risk or determine ASA
operational requirements, NORAD performed these assessments in response
to individual DOD leadership inquiries about ASA operations. While
NORAD is not required to conduct risk assessments on a routine basis,
doing so could allow it to enhance its ability to determine the
appropriate level and types of resources--including units, personnel,
and aircraft--for ASA operations.
In the first assessment we identified, after the terrorist attacks of
September 11, 2001, NORAD, in working with other U.S. government
agencies, developed a list of what it believed to be the most critical
locations and infrastructure across the United States requiring its
protection. We determined this assessment could be considered as part
of the risk assessment phase of the overall risk management approach in
which vulnerabilities and critical assets are evaluated. NORAD has not
reevaluated this list since it created it in 2001 even though according
to experts in the intelligence community, the type of threat has and
continues to evolve, and other U.S. agencies have taken a number of
measures to mitigate against aviation threats.
We identified a second assessment that NORAD conducted in 2005 that we
considered could be part of the alternatives evaluation phase in which
alternatives are considered. Specifically, NORAD's air component--
First Air Force--provided input to the 2005 BRAC process regarding
which sites it would prefer to conduct ASA operations. First Air Force
measured how long it would take a fighter plane to respond to a threat
over a specific location--both from the current ASA site and from the
proposed alternative sites--and the level of risk that would be posed
under each alternative.[Footnote 20] After the BRAC decisions were made
in 2005, First Air Force assessed the impact of the commission's
decisions on ASA operations. For example, the commission recommended
that ASA operations at Selfridge, Michigan, be transferred to Toledo,
Ohio. First Air Force evaluated the impact of response times to cover
high population centers and infrastructure in the area.
In the third assessment we identified, in 2006 the Office of the
Secretary of Defense, requested that NORAD and other commands evaluate
costs and identify measures to reduce Operation NOBLE EAGLE costs. We
considered this assessment could also be included in the alternatives
evaluation phase of a risk management approach. In this third
assessment, NORAD identified a number of classified actions that it
could take to reduce the cost of Operation NOBLE EAGLE but stated that
in order to continue to fully support the homeland air defense mission,
it would be necessary to maintain the current number of ASA sites based
on proximity to critical infrastructure. NORAD's assessment included a
risk-based assessment of ASA requirements based on current and emerging
threats. The assessment also took into consideration aviation security
improvements that had been made by other federal entities since 2001,
for example, the Transportation Security Administration's use of
Federal Air Marshals on selected flights. NORAD has not undertaken an
assessment of alternatives since 2006.
In prior work, we have reported that the goal of risk-based management
is to integrate systematic concern for risk into the existing cycle of
agency decision making and implementation. Adopting such a risk-based
management approach could help NORAD to better assess risk and
determine operational requirements by addressing vulnerabilities and by
presenting alternatives that could be implemented to address changing
conditions. Adopting a risk-based management approach to include
actions in all five phases, could also allow NORAD to evaluate the
extent to which previous threats have been mitigated by DOD or other
government agencies and to evaluate current and emerging threats to
determine which ones require the most urgent attention. Routine risk
assessments could help NORAD evaluate the extent to which current ASA
operational requirements--including the levels and types of sites,
forces and equipment, and contributions from other DOD and non-DOD
organizations--are needed to address threats as conditions change.
NORAD officials stated that it has not adopted a risk-based management
approach primarily because DOD does not require NORAD to use a risk-
based management approach to determine ASA operational requirements.
The use of a risk-based management approach could help NORAD to assure
DOD, Congress, and others that it has considered risks in making
decisions about how to apply the level and types of capabilities and
resources needed to conduct the ASA mission in an increasingly
constrained fiscal environment. Air Force and NORAD officials
responsible for ASA operations acknowledged that an ongoing cycle of
risk-based management, including a routine risk assessment of ASA
operational requirements, would be beneficial to both the service and
the command.
The Air Force Has Not Implemented ASA Operations as a Steady-State
Mission in Accordance with NORAD, DOD, and Air Force Directives and
Guidance:
The Air Force has not implemented ASA operations as a steady-state
mission in accordance with NORAD, DOD, and Air Force directives and
guidance because it (1) has focused on other priorities and (2)
believes that ASA operational requirements, such as the number of
sites, might be decreased to pre-September 11, 2001, levels in the
future. As a result, ASA units have experienced difficulties in
conducting ASA operations and Congress and DOD lack cost visibility for
decision making. Implementing ASA operations as a steady-state mission
may help to mitigate these challenges. In addition, if ASA operations
are not implemented as a steady-state mission, Congress and DOD leaders
will not have visibility of costs and other important information to
make decisions for these homeland defense operations.
The Air Force Does Not Operate ASA as a Steady-State Mission:
Although its units are conducting ASA operations, the Air Force has not
implemented these operations as a steady-state mission in accordance
with NORAD, DOD, and Air Force directives and guidance. Specifically,
in August 2002 the Air Force convened a working group that issued
guidance for planning to establish permanent ASA sites in support of
the mission in support of homeland defense rather than continuing to
establish sites on a temporary basis, as it has since the terrorist
attacks of September 11, 2001. In addition, in response to a December
2002 NORAD declaration of a steady-state air defense mission, the Air
Force took further action in February 2003 to establish ASA as a steady-
state capability by issuing a directive assigning specific functions
and responsibilities to support the mission.[Footnote 21] This
directive identified 140 separate actions[Footnote 22] to be taken by
Air Force organizations to support the steady-state mission at all 18
ASA sites; these actions included addressing personnel, equipment,
funding, and facility issues. For example, the directive required the
Air Force Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel to ensure that ASA active
personnel requirements were included in the Air Force submission to the
Future Years Defense Program. This program is one of the principal
tools used to inform DOD senior leaders and Congress about resources
planned to support various programs, and reflects DOD decisions
regarding allocation of federal resources. The directive required the
Air Force Major Commands to develop the capability to report on the
readiness of ASA activities in DOD's readiness system, and the Deputy
Chief of Staff for Personnel to work with the appropriate officials to
limit adverse effects on the careers of personnel affected by the
steady-state mission. In addition, it required the Deputy Chief of
Staff for Air and Space Operations to provide policy and programming
guidance and staff necessary issues through appropriate offices.
Further, in December 2003, the Office of the Secretary of Defense
directed the Air Force to assess and resource long-term ASA mission
requirements in its submission for the 2006 through 2011 Future Years
Defense Program.
Although NORAD, DOD, and the Air Force issued directives and guidance
to establish a steady-state ASA mission, the Air Force did not take the
steps needed to establish the mission. For example, although the Office
of the Secretary of Defense directed the Air Force to program ASA
operations across the 6 years of its Future Years Defense Program
submission, the Air Force decided to program ASA operations in 2-year
increments. Air Force, NORAD, and NGB/ANG officials told us that this
decision has been the primary cause for the personnel difficulties ASA
units are experiencing. Headquarters Air Force officials told us that
they made this decision because they believed that the number of sites
might decrease to the pre-September 11, 2001, levels and placing ASA
operations across all 6 years would require the Air Force to offset
another service program. However, Air Force officials also acknowledged
that they could still have programmed it across the 6-year time frame
since the Future Years Defense Program is a planning tool that could be
modified if the number of sites were decreased in the future.[Footnote
23] In addition, the Air Force did not fully fund ASA operations in the
two previous 2-year programming cycles. For example, the Air Force did
not program for 122 of the 922 ANG personnel (13 percent) identified as
being needed to conduct ASA operations for fiscal years 2006 and 2007
and did not program for 150 of the 922 ANG personnel (16 percent)
identified as being needed to conduct ASA operations for fiscal years
2008 and 2009. As a result, the Air Force had to use temporary funds
and temporary orders to cover these personnel shortfalls since they are
necessary to conduct ASA operations. According to headquarters Air
Force officials, the Air Force focused on other priorities, such as
overseas military operations; furthermore, it believed that future ASA
operational requirements might be decreased to pre-September 11, 2001,
levels. These officials stated that the lack of implementation was also
attributable to a lack of clearly defined roles and responsibilities in
Air Force homeland defense documents, and a limited corporate
understanding of ASA operations and the units performing them. Our
analysis showed that none of the Air Force's key homeland defense
documents--the Air Force homeland defense policy directive, the Air
Force homeland operations doctrine, and the Air Force homeland defense
concept of operations--fully defines the roles and responsibilities for
or accurately articulates the complexity of ASA operations.[Footnote
24] For example, the Air Force's homeland defense policy directive,
which is supposed to provide overarching guidance to enable the Air
Force to organize, train, and equip by applying the principles,
capabilities, and competencies of air and space power to homeland
defense, does not mention or define ASA operations or outline the roles
and responsibilities for managing these operations. In addition, the
Air Force's homeland defense office, which was responsible for
overseeing the implementation of the homeland defense directive, lost
its general officer, was downsized, and organizationally realigned
several times shortly after the directive was issued.
Temporary Status of ASA Operations Creates Difficulties for Units and
Hampers Cost Visibility and Oversight:
Since the Air Force did not implement ASA operations in accordance with
NORAD, DOD, and Air Force guidance, at the time of our review ASA units
were experiencing a number of difficulties that challenged their
ability to perform both their expeditionary missions and ASA
operations. The unit commanders we interviewed identified funding,
personnel, and dual tasking of responsibilities as the top three
factors affecting ASA operations. Figure 5 depicts units' responses
regarding difficulties they have experienced in conducting ASA
operations. For example, during our structured interviews, officials
from 17 of the 20 units[Footnote 25] stated that personnel issues were
a moderate or great concern and that recruiting, retention, and
promotion limitations were the primary issues arising from the 2-year
programming for ASA operations. Commanders at the ASA sites that we
visited told us that they had lost some of their most experienced
personnel due to job instability caused by the manner in which ASA
operations are programmed. Similarly, commanders at 17 of the 20 units
stated that the Air Force treats ASA operations as temporary and has
not provided sufficient resources. This situation has resulted in an
increase in the unit's administrative and support requirements. For
example, units are required to issue temporary orders for personnel as
funds become available. The need to issue such orders would not be
necessary if the operations were not treated as temporary. Thirteen of
the 20 units indicated that dual tasking--for their expeditionary
mission and for ASA operations--was a moderate or great concern and
that the Air Force was not adequately equipping units to conduct both
missions. Headquarters Air Force and NGB/ANG officials acknowledged the
units' difficulties in conducting ASA operations.
Figure 5: Factors Identified by ASA Unit Commanders as Moderately or
Greatly Impacting Units' Ability to Conduct ASA Operations:
[Refer to PDF for image]
This figure is a vertical bar graph depicting the following data:
Factors Identified by ASA Unit Commanders as Moderately or Greatly
Impacting Units' Ability to Conduct ASA Operations:
Factor: Personnel issues[A];
Indicated as a moderate or great factor by units: 17 (85%).
Factor: Funding;
Indicated as a moderate or great factor by units: 17 (85%).
Factor: Dual tasking;
Indicated as a moderate or great factor by units: 13 (65%).
Factor: F-15 grounding;
Indicated as a moderate or great factor by units: 12 (60%).
Factor: Demands for multiple inspections;
Indicated as a moderate or great factor by units: 11 (55%).
Factor: Normal training[B];
Indicated as a moderate or great factor by units: 11 (55%).
Factor: Overseas deployments;
Indicated as a moderate or great factor by units: 10 (50%).
Factor: Facilities;
Indicated as a moderate or great factor by units: 9 (45%).
Factor: Posture requirements[C];
Indicated as a moderate or great factor by units: 6 (30%).
Factor: Replacing other ASA units;
Indicated as a moderate or great factor by units: 3 (15%).
Factor: Other;
Indicated as a moderate or great factor by units: 1 (5%).
Source: GAO analysis of structured interviews with ASA units.
Note: The percentages shown represent the percentage of the 20 ASA
units that identified the factors as moderate or great factors.
[A] Includes consideration of 2-year assignments, promotion
opportunities, career progression, and other personnel issues as
indicated by units.
[B] Normal training conducted for their expeditionary mission.
[C] Can include the number and quality of aircraft and personnel that
are on alert 24 hours a day, 365 days a year as well as other posture
requirements.
[End of figure]
Because the Air Force has not programmed for ASA operations in its
Future Years Defense Program submissions, the Office of the Secretary
of Defense, NORAD, and Congress lack visibility into the costs of these
operations.[Footnote 26] Implementing ASA operations as a steady-state
mission may help to mitigate these challenges. In addition,
implementing ASA operations as a steady-state mission would provide
Congress and DOD leaders cost visibility into ASA operations, which
support DOD's high-priority homeland defense mission.
Readiness of Units Performing ASA Operations is Partially Assessed by
NORAD and PACOM but Not by the Air Force:
DOD is to evaluate personnel, training, and quantity and quality of
equipment to determine the readiness of units to perform their
missions. NORAD and PACOM partially assessed the readiness of the units
that carry out ASA operations. For example, NORAD assessed the quantity
and quality of available fighter aircraft and the ability of the
personnel to respond to an alert on the day it conducted the
assessment. However, NORAD only assessed personnel on duty at the time
of the inspection and did not assess the extent to which all of the
unit's personnel that are involved with ASA operations are trained to
support and conduct these operations. Moreover, the Air Force, as the
force provider, did not evaluate personnel, training, or the quantity
and quality of equipment needed and used for ASA operations because it
has not formally assigned the mission to the units.
NORAD conducts two separate assessments of ASA equipment (such as the
condition of the fighter aircraft) and operations (unit's ability to
respond to different types of alerts). The first is a preasssessment
conducted by the Continental NORAD Region commander. This preassessment
evaluates the quality of alert aircraft, to include the overall
condition of the aircraft, and the units' ability to respond to
different air sovereignty scenarios, such as intercepting various types
of aircraft. This preassessment is performed prior to the official ASA
assessment that NORAD headquarters conducts. For example, in a March
2008 preassessment, Continental NORAD Region evaluated the New Orleans
ASA site's aircraft condition and the unit's ability to respond to
different scenarios within specified time frames. In the second type of
assessment, NORAD officially evaluates, generally every 20 months, the
sites using the same factors as the preassessment. In the April 2008
official assessment of the New Orleans ASA site, NORAD evaluated its
ability to respond to aircraft flown by pilots who had not filed flight
plans and were not responding to Air Force pilot signals to land. NORAD
found that New Orleans site personnel were able to perform ASA
operations under this and other scenarios. In examining these
assessments, we observed that NORAD did not evaluate and report the
extent to which all of the unit's personnel involved with ASA
operations are trained to support and conduct these operations. PACOM
conducts a similar assessment for the ASA unit located at Hickham Air
Force Base (AFB), Hawaii. As a result, these assessments do not reflect
the complete readiness of the units that conduct ASA operations.
The Air Force, as the force provider, is responsible for measuring
readiness for its missions by evaluating personnel, training, and
quantity and quality of equipment; however, it did not assess these
factors specific to ASA operations.[Footnote 27] NORAD officials stated
training for ASA operations is especially important given the
differences in conducting wartime flight operations overseas versus
conducting ASA operations in the United States. ASA commanders stated
that ASA training includes specific tactics, techniques, and procedures
that are not always included during their wartime training. As a
result, they stated that many of the units have constructed their own
ASA training plans to ensure their personnel are adequately trained to
perform ASA operations. In addition, the Air Force has not evaluated
the number of personnel it needs for ASA operations; however, NGB/ANG
officials told us they are reviewing the number of personnel the ANG
needs to perform ASA operations. The officials told us that they were
uncertain as to when this assessment would be completed.
Our structured interviews with the commanders of units that conduct ASA
operations showed that they did not evaluate and report the personnel,
training, or quantity and quality of equipment to perform ASA
operations because the Air Force has not formally assigned ASA as a
mission to the units and it has not declared the operations as a steady-
state mission. [Footnote 28] Additionally, according to headquarters
Air Force officials, the Air Force has been focused on other
priorities, such as overseas military operations and it believed that
ASA operational requirements, such as number of sites, might be
decreased to pre-September 11, 2001, levels. Formally assigning ASA
operations to the units would require the units to fully assess their
readiness--personnel, training, and quantity and quality of equipment-
-to perform ASA operations. DOD officials told us that other military
services could perform ASA operations when circumstances warrant. By
assigning the mission to those units that consistently conduct the
mission--regardless of the services they represent--and assessing the
extent to which they have the personnel, training, and equipment to
conduct this mission, DOD would be better informed about the readiness
of ASA units.
ASA Operations Face Significant Challenges to Long-Term Sustainability,
but the Air Force Has Not Developed Plans to Mitigate These Challenges:
We identified two key challenges to sustaining ASA operations over the
long term. However, the Air Force does not have plans to manage or deal
with these key challenges. First, our analysis of Air Force documents
and statements from Air Force officials familiar with the service's
recapitalization efforts indicates that even if aging aircraft are
replaced according to Air Force aircraft schedules, gaps in fighter
aircraft at current ASA sites will arise within the next 7 years.
Specifically, by fiscal year 2020, 11 of the 18 current ASA sites could
be without viable[Footnote 29] aircraft to conduct ASA operations.
[Footnote 30] Second, the Air Force must ensure that units are
available and ready to perform ASA operations and support units
receiving replacement aircraft, while simultaneously continuing to
deploy units for overseas operations. Currently, when ASA units are
deployed, the ANG must find units to replace them, which officials told
us can be difficult. While Air Force officials have acknowledged the
challenges we identified to the long-term sustainability of ASA
operations, they have not developed plans to address them because the
service has been focused on other priorities, such as overseas
operations. Plans would provide the Air Force with information that
could assist it in its efforts to ensure long-term sustainability of
ASA operations and the capability of ASA units to protect U.S.
airspace.
Expected Retirements of Aging Aircraft Will Create a Challenge in
Sustaining the ASA Mission:
According to Air Force documents and personnel, many aircraft in the
service's current inventory are the oldest in Air Force history, and
the older they get the more difficult and expensive they are to
maintain. According to NGB/ANG, F-15s and F-16s are aging aircraft that
cost more to maintain as they age. Of the 18 ASA sites, 12 are
currently equipped with F-16s, which will reach the end of their useful
service lives between fiscal years 2015 and 2020. One option is to
replace the F-16s with either F-22s or F-35s, both of which the Air
Force is acquiring. However, according to the current F-22 and F-35
fielding schedules, only 1 of the 12 units--Shaw AFB, South Carolina--
will receive the new aircraft before its fleet of F-16s reaches the end
of its useful service life. The House report accompanying the National
Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 directed the Secretary
of the Air Force, in consultation with the Chief of the National Guard
Bureau and the Secretary of Homeland Security, to conduct a study on
the feasibility and desirability of equipping certain ASA units with F-
35s.[Footnote 31] Although the House report directed the Air Force to
submit the results of its study to Congress by October 1, 2008, the Air
Force had not issued the study by that date, and we were unable to
obtain a draft copy.
Another option for the Air Force is to replace the F-16s with some of
the more modern F-15 models. However, F-15s, like F-16s, are beginning
to reach the end of their useful service lives. Also, all F-15s,
including those flown by five ASA units, were grounded for 3 months in
late 2007 and early 2008 after an F-15 broke apart during a normal
flying operation in November 2007. The Air Force found a structural
problem in one of its F-15 models and retired the aircraft that they
found with structural problems. The remaining F-15s returned to service
by spring 2008, but Air Combat Command officials told us that in light
of the accident and subsequent grounding they are concerned about the
number of F-15s that will be able to remain in service and meet the Air
Force's operational needs up to their scheduled retirement date in
2025. When we discussed this issue during the exit conference of our
review, Air Force and NGB/ANG officials acknowledged that the end of
the F-15s' useful service lives could occur earlier than 2025 if the
aircraft are increasingly used for overseas deployments or other
missions. During discussions for the fiscal year 2010 programming
cycle, the Air Force sought approval from the Office of the Secretary
of Defense to retire 137 F-15s and 177 F-16s earlier than originally
planned. Depending on when and where the Air Force retires these F-15s,
removing them from service early could further affect the number of
aircraft that will be available for units performing ASA operations. In
comments on a draft of this report, DOD indicated that extending the
service life of its F-15 and F-16 aircraft is also an option; however,
the Air Force has yet to determine the extent to which such actions are
viable.
Figure 6 shows the projected number of current ASA sites that may or
may not have viable aircraft to conduct ASA operations through 2032. As
the figure reflects, unless the Air Force modifies its current fielding
schedules, it will lack viable aircraft to conduct ASA operations at
all 18 current ASA sites after fiscal year 2015. The figure also shows
that 2 of the current ASA sites will not be equipped with viable
aircraft and thus will be unable to conduct ASA operations even after
the Air Force fields all of its currently planned F-22s and F-35s. This
figure is based upon our analysis of documentation on the expected
service life of the F-15s and F-16s and the Air Force's fielding
schedules for the F-22s and F-35s at the time of our review, and
certain assumptions we made in our analysis of these data.[Footnote 32]
Our intent was to determine whether the new aircraft would be available
before the F-15s and F-16s exceed their expected service life. See
appendix I for the full methodology of our analysis.
Figure 6: Projected Number of Current ASA Sites with and without Viable
Aircraft to Conduct ASA Operations between Fiscal Years 2008 and 2032
based on current F-22 and F-35 Fielding Schedules:
[Refer to PDF for image]
This figure is a stacked line graph depicting the following data:
Fiscal year: 2008;
Viable[A] F-15s and F-16s at current ASA sites: 17;
Potential fielding of F-22s and F-35s at current ASA sites: 1;
ASA sites projected to be without viable[A] fighter aircraft to conduct
ASA operations: 0.
Fiscal year: 2009;
Viable[A] F-15s and F-16s at current ASA sites: 17;
Potential fielding of F-22s and F-35s at current ASA sites: 1;
ASA sites projected to be without viable[A] fighter aircraft to conduct
ASA operations: 0.
Fiscal year: 2010;
Viable[A] F-15s and F-16s at current ASA sites: 17;
Potential fielding of F-22s and F-35s at current ASA sites: 1;
ASA sites projected to be without viable[A] fighter aircraft to conduct
ASA operations: 0.
Fiscal year: 2011;
Viable[A] F-15s and F-16s at current ASA sites: 16;
Potential fielding of F-22s and F-35s at current ASA sites: 2;
ASA sites projected to be without viable[A] fighter aircraft to conduct
ASA operations: 0.
Fiscal year: 2012;
Viable[A] F-15s and F-16s at current ASA sites: 16;
Potential fielding of F-22s and F-35s at current ASA sites: 2;
ASA sites projected to be without viable[A] fighter aircraft to conduct
ASA operations: 0.
Fiscal year: 2013;
Viable[A] F-15s and F-16s at current ASA sites: 16;
Potential fielding of F-22s and F-35s at current ASA sites: 2;
ASA sites projected to be without viable[A] fighter aircraft to conduct
ASA operations: 0.
Fiscal year: 2014;
Viable[A] F-15s and F-16s at current ASA sites: 16;
Potential fielding of F-22s and F-35s at current ASA sites: 2;
ASA sites projected to be without viable[A] fighter aircraft to conduct
ASA operations: 0.
Fiscal year: 2015;
Viable[A] F-15s and F-16s at current ASA sites: 16;
Potential fielding of F-22s and F-35s at current ASA sites: 2;
ASA sites projected to be without viable[A] fighter aircraft to conduct
ASA operations: 0.
Fiscal year: 2016;
Viable[A] F-15s and F-16s at current ASA sites: 14;
Potential fielding of F-22s and F-35s at current ASA sites: 2;
ASA sites projected to be without viable[A] fighter aircraft to conduct
ASA operations: 2.
Fiscal year: 2017:
Viable[A] F-15s and F-16s at current ASA sites: 13;
Potential fielding of F-22s and F-35s at current ASA sites: 3;
ASA sites projected to be without viable[A] fighter aircraft to conduct
ASA operations: 2.
Fiscal year: 2018;
Viable[A] F-15s and F-16s at current ASA sites: 8;
Potential fielding of F-22s and F-35s at current ASA sites: 3;
ASA sites projected to be without viable[A] fighter aircraft to conduct
ASA operations: 7.
Fiscal year: 2019;
Viable[A] F-15s and F-16s at current ASA sites: 8;
Potential fielding of F-22s and F-35s at current ASA sites: 3;
ASA sites projected to be without viable[A] fighter aircraft to conduct
ASA operations: 7.
Fiscal year: 2020;
Viable[A] F-15s and F-16s at current ASA sites: 4;
Potential fielding of F-22s and F-35s at current ASA sites: 3;
ASA sites projected to be without viable[A] fighter aircraft to conduct
ASA operations: 11.
Fiscal year: 2021;
Viable[A] F-15s and F-16s at current ASA sites: 4;
Potential fielding of F-22s and F-35s at current ASA sites: 4;
ASA sites projected to be without viable[A] fighter aircraft to conduct
ASA operations: 10.
Fiscal year: 2022;
Viable[A] F-15s and F-16s at current ASA sites: 4;
Potential fielding of F-22s and F-35s at current ASA sites: 5;
ASA sites projected to be without viable[A] fighter aircraft to conduct
ASA operations: 9.
Fiscal year: 2023;
Viable[A] F-15s and F-16s at current ASA sites: 4;
Potential fielding of F-22s and F-35s at current ASA sites: 6;
ASA sites projected to be without viable[A] fighter aircraft to conduct
ASA operations: 8.
Fiscal year: 2024;
Viable[A] F-15s and F-16s at current ASA sites: 4;
Potential fielding of F-22s and F-35s at current ASA sites: 7;
ASA sites projected to be without viable[A] fighter aircraft to conduct
ASA operations: 7.
Fiscal year: 2025;
Viable[A] F-15s and F-16s at current ASA sites: 4;
Potential fielding of F-22s and F-35s at current ASA sites: 8;
ASA sites projected to be without viable[A] fighter aircraft to conduct
ASA operations: 6.
Fiscal year: 2026;
Viable[A] F-15s and F-16s at current ASA sites: 0;
Potential fielding of F-22s and F-35s at current ASA sites: 8;
ASA sites projected to be without viable[A] fighter aircraft to conduct
ASA operations: 10.
Fiscal year: 2027;
Viable[A] F-15s and F-16s at current ASA sites: 0;
Potential fielding of F-22s and F-35s at current ASA sites: 9;
ASA sites projected to be without viable[A] fighter aircraft to conduct
ASA operations: 9.
Fiscal year: 2028;
Viable[A] F-15s and F-16s at current ASA sites: 0;
Potential fielding of F-22s and F-35s at current ASA sites: 11;
ASA sites projected to be without viable[A] fighter aircraft to conduct
ASA operations: 7.
Fiscal year: 2029;
Viable[A] F-15s and F-16s at current ASA sites: 0;
Potential fielding of F-22s and F-35s at current ASA sites: 12;
ASA sites projected to be without viable[A] fighter aircraft to conduct
ASA operations: 6.
Fiscal year: 2030;
Viable[A] F-15s and F-16s at current ASA sites: 0;
Potential fielding of F-22s and F-35s at current ASA sites: 15;
ASA sites projected to be without viable[A] fighter aircraft to conduct
ASA operations: 3.
Fiscal year: 2031;
Viable[A] F-15s and F-16s at current ASA sites: 0;
Potential fielding of F-22s and F-35s at current ASA sites: 16;
ASA sites projected to be without viable[A] fighter aircraft to conduct
ASA operations: 2.
Fiscal year: 2032;
Viable[A] F-15s and F-16s at current ASA sites: 0;
Potential fielding of F-22s and F-35s at current ASA sites: 16;
ASA sites projected to be without viable[A] fighter aircraft to conduct
ASA operations: 2.
Source: GAO analysis.
[A] By viable we mean aircraft that have not yet reached the end of
their useful service life.
[End of figure]
In addition, as aging aircraft are replaced, ASA units will have to
suspend their ASA operations to be trained and equipped to support the
replacement aircraft. In order to maintain ASA operations without
interruption, the Air Force will have to find another trained unit to
conduct ASA operations while the home unit is being trained and
equipped on the replacement aircraft. A NORAD official stated that the
Air Force will need to ensure that replacement units are trained in
tactics, techniques, and procedures that are unique to domestic air
defense.
Air Combat Command officials responsible for providing fighter aircraft
to Air Force units acknowledged that there is a gap between the
expected end of the useful lives of aging aircraft and their
replacement with next generation fighter aircraft.[Footnote 33]
Nonetheless, there are currently no plans to address this gap in
aircraft, at least as it relates to ASA operations.
Providing Personnel to Replace Deploying Personnel and Support Units
Receiving Replacement Aircraft May Further Complicate Sustaining the
ASA Mission:
Providing personnel to replace deploying personnel is currently a
challenge and replacing those personnel as they transition to different
aircraft may further complicate sustaining the ASA mission. ASA units
also are called on to deploy overseas to conduct combat operations. In
our structured interviews, 17 of the 20 ASA unit commanders told us
that their units had deployed at least once since January 1, 2005. When
an active duty unit conducting ASA operations deploys, responsibility
for ASA operations is transferred to other personnel and aircraft on
the same base. For example, ASA commanders at Shaw AFB, South Carolina
told us that when their units are deployed overseas or are in training
for their expeditionary mission, they must leave some of their
personnel and equipment at home to conduct ASA operations. When an ANG
unit deploys, officials told us, its commander typically finds another
ANG unit to either cover its ASA responsibilities or provide substitute
personnel and equipment for its deployment. For example, the ASA unit
at Andrews AFB, Maryland which is responsible for protecting the
National Capital Region,[Footnote 34] deployed to Iraq in 2006. The
unit's commander asked commanders of other ASA units to provide F-16s
and personnel to help him meet his deployment requirements, so that he
could keep some of the unit's aircraft and personnel at Andrews AFB to
conduct ASA operations in the National Capital Region. After contacting
multiple commanders, he was able to both meet his deployment
requirements and keep some of the unit's F-16s on alert for ASA
operations. After considerable effort, substitutes were ultimately
found from 22 different units.
Although the number of units providing substitutes was not typical,
other ASA unit commanders told us that the process for finding
replacements can be inefficient and burdensome. While Air Force
officials said that Air Combat Command is responsible for finding
replacements, there is no consistent formal process for doing so. ASA
units requiring replacements to cover a deployment currently have two
options available through Air Combat Command--i.e., to either decline
or accept the entire mission. Unit commanders are reluctant to tell
combatant commanders that their units cannot fully deploy--or deploy at
all--because they feel obligated to fulfill their ASA responsibilities
while also meeting their assigned expeditionary responsibilities. Thus,
ASA unit commanders have often "volunteered" to find their own
replacements, though they are not required to do so. ASA unit
commanders told us that it would be useful for the Air Force to develop
a process that allows unit commanders to turn over the process of
finding replacements to the appropriate Air Force organization if it
becomes too complicated for the unit to find a replacement using its
informal networks.
Although we did not identify any instances in which either deployment
or ASA requirements were not met, ASA unit commanders indicated that
finding replacements will continue to be a challenge as aircraft age--
even if overseas operations decrease. Fourteen of the 18 current ASA
sites will have to suspend ASA operations for a period of time between
2010 and 2020 as their aircraft reach the end of their useful service
lives or they are equipped with new fighter aircraft. For example, the
ASA unit at Hickam AFB, Hawaii, is scheduled to suspend ASA operations
for 3 months in 2010 so that the unit can transition from F-15s to F-
22s. During this 3-month period, another unit will need to conduct ASA
operations at the base. In order to meet ASA requirements, the Air
Force would have to provide a trained ASA unit to remain on alert in
Hawaii while also leaving aircraft and personnel at its home station to
both sit alert and train for its expeditionary mission. For example, if
the Duluth ASA unit sits alert at Hickam AFB, Hawaii when the Hawaii
ANG unit transitions to its new fighter aircraft in fiscal year 2010,
the Duluth ASA unit will still need to maintain aircraft and personnel
in Duluth, Minnesota, to conduct ASA operations there while also
training for its expeditionary mission. Officials from another ASA site
told us that the transition period for their unit could be as long as 9
months to train on the replacement aircraft. The remaining 4 sites are
currently equipped with F-15s and could have to suspend ASA operations
as F-15s reach the end of their expected viable service lives in 2025.
If the Air Force does not adequately plan for this transition, most of
these units could have to suspend ASA operations at the same time
during this time frame. This situation could be similar and possibly
worse than late 2007 to early 2008, when 5 ASA units had to suspend ASA
operations when the Air Force grounded the entire F-15 fleet for 3
months. Air Force, NORAD, and NGB/ANG officials told us that this
situation created a significant burden on ASA operations, including the
need to have Canadian fighter aircraft sit alert at a U.S. ASA site.
Conclusion:
Conducting routine risk assessments to determine ASA operational
requirements could help NORAD better determine the level and type of
capabilities and resources needed to support ASA operations. Also, if
the Air Force continues to treat ASA operations as a temporary mission
and if ASA mission, roles, and responsibilities are not clearly defined
in the Air Force's homeland defense policy, doctrine, and guidance, ASA
units may continue to experience difficulties in conducting the ASA
mission. Further, if the Air Force, or other service if assigned, does
not formally assign the ASA mission to units performing ASA operations
and ensure that the readiness of units performing ASA operations is
fully assessed--to include training, personnel, equipment, and the
ability to respond to an alert--opportunities may be lost to identify
and resolve readiness issues. Unless the Air Force addresses the two
challenges we identified, the long-term sustainability of ASA
operations is questionable. For example, without plans to address the
issue of aging aircraft, by 2020, 11 of the 18 ASA units may not have
viable aircraft to perform ASA operations. Also, a method that provides
personnel to replace deploying personnel and to support units receiving
replacement aircraft--while allowing unit commanders the flexibility to
independently find such replacements--could provide ASA units with a
better tool to address this challenge.
Recommendations for Executive Action:
We recommend that the Secretary of Defense direct the Commander of the
U.S. command element of NORAD to routinely conduct risk assessments to
determine ASA requirements, including the appropriate numbers of ASA
sites, personnel, and aircraft to support ASA operations.
We recommend that the Secretary of Defense direct the military services
with units that consistently conduct ASA operations to formally assign
ASA duties to these units and then ensure that the readiness of these
units is fully assessed, to include personnel, training, equipment, and
ability to respond to an alert.
We recommend that the Secretary of Defense direct the Secretary of the
Air Force to take the following five actions:
* Establish a timetable to implement ASA as a steady-state mission.
* Implement ASA as a steady-state mission according to NORAD, DOD, and
Air Force guidance by:
- updating and implementing the ASA program action directive;
- updating the Air Force homeland defense policy, homeland operations
doctrine, and concept of operations to incorporate and define the roles
and responsibilities for ASA operations; and:
- incorporating the ASA mission within the Air Force submissions for
the 6-year Future Years Defense Program.
* Develop and implement a plan to address any projected capability gaps
in ASA units due to the expected end of the useful service lives of
their F-15s and F-16s.
* Develop and implement a formal method to replace deploying units that
still provides unit commanders flexibility to coordinate replacements.
Agency Comments and Our Evaluation:
DOD provided written comments on a draft of this report and these
comments are reprinted in appendix II. DOD concurred with some of our
recommendations and partially concurred with others.
DOD stated that it partially concurred with our draft report
recommendation to employ a risk-based management approach. However, DOD
also stated that it believes that sufficient guidance and a long-
standing risk-based process currently guide its decisions on ASA
operations and, therefore, it does not plan on taking any additional
actions until additional requirements are identified through its
current process. The process described in DOD's response does not
include a critical component of a risk-based management approach--the
use of routine risk assessments that incorporate threat, vulnerability,
and consequence, and is used to develop scenarios and help inform
actions that are best suited to prevent an attack or mitigate
vulnerabilities to a terrorist attack. As such, we adjusted our
recommendation to clarify the need to routinely conduct a risk
assessment specific to ASA operations. Specifically, we have revised
the recommendation to suggest that DOD routinely conduct risk
assessments to determine ASA requirements, including the appropriate
numbers of ASA sites, personnel, and aircraft to support ASA
operations. We believe that this clarification would be consistent with
NORAD and Air Force officials responsible for ASA operations, who told
us that a routine risk assessment that considers threats,
vulnerabilities, and criticality would be beneficial to enhance their
ability to determine the appropriate level and types of resources--
including units, personnel, and aircraft--for ASA operations. We also
continue to believe our work shows that such assessments would benefit
DOD, Congress, and the National Guard Bureau by clearly demonstrating
the basis for future investments in ASA operations.
DOD concurred with our recommendation to implement ASA as a steady-
state mission, but its comments did not state whether the Air Force
will implement the ASA program action directive, nor did it address
specific actions to implement ASA as a steady-state mission--an
important step in helping to resolve ongoing difficulties that we
identified in our report. Rather, DOD's response indicated that the Air
Force would review and update the ASA program action directive and
other key policy documents by the end of fiscal year 2009. DOD also
commented that it plans to identify, in the Future Years Defense
Program, the impact of any changes to future plans and resources. DOD
also commented that it would include a detailed budget display for the
ASA mission to comply with §354 of the Duncan Hunter National Defense
Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2009.[Footnote 35] However, since DOD
did not include in its comments a time frame for implementing ASA as a
steady-state mission, including implementing the ASA program action
directive, we modified the recommendation to suggest that the Secretary
of Defense direct that the Secretary of the Air Force establish a
timetable for this purpose. DOD also commented that it plans to review
and update, as required, policy, operations, doctrine, steady-state
alert requirements, and concept of operations for the ASA mission,
pending a review of the Operation NOBLE EAGLE Execution Order (EXORD).
We acknowledge that the EXORD would impact ASA operations. However,
since (1) DOD did not provide a timeframe for these different reviews
and ASA units are currently experiencing difficulties conducting ASA
operations as discussed in this report and (2) the Air Force could
implement ASA operations as a steady-state mission without changing the
EXORD, we continue to believe the Air Force needs to implement ASA as a
steady-state mission.
DOD stated that it partially concurred with our recommendation that the
Secretary of Defense direct the Secretary of the Air Force to formally
assign ASA duties to units that consistently conduct ASA operations and
ensure their readiness is fully assessed. DOD commented that the
Secretary of Defense is furnishing clear direction through the EXORD,
which it says formally assigns supported and supporting roles to
multiple agencies. Further, DOD commented that the exclusive assignment
of any specific Air Force units and sites would appear to be
inconsistent with the flexibility and capabilities under the EXORD. Our
original recommendation did not suggest that DOD modify the EXORD to
assign the ASA mission exclusively to the Air Force; the EXORD does not
replace the mission document statements issued by services to their
operational units. Moreover, without a mission document statement and
formal assignment of the mission to units, ASA readiness will not be
assessed. DOD also commented that it wants to retain the flexibility to
use military services other than the Air Force to conduct ASA
operations. We had initially focused this recommendation on the
Secretary of the Air Force because, at the time of our review, the
units conducting ASA operations had historically been Air Force units.
The intent of this recommendation is to ensure that such missions are
clearly assigned to performing units and that readiness for these
operations be fully assessed, regardless of which service performs
them. Therefore, we have modified our recommendation to make it clearer
that the Secretary of Defense should direct any of the military
services that have units consistently conducting ASA operations to
formally assign ASA duties to these units and ensure their readiness to
conduct ASA operations is fully assessed.
DOD partially concurred with our recommendation that the Air Force
develop and implement a plan to address fighter capability gaps in ASA
operational units that we identified based on our analysis of Air Force
data and plans. In its comments, DOD discussed the capabilities needed
for the broader, multiservice air defense mission, but did not clearly
agree to ensure the fighter gaps we identified would be addressed in
Air Force plans. Our recommendation is directed specifically at the
issue of future fighter aircraft capabilities for ASA operations, which
are currently conducted by the Air Force and the ANG. We continue to
believe that our evidence supports the need to address these capability
gaps in Air Force planning.
DOD concurred with our recommendation to develop a formal method to
include ASA unit commanders' flexibility to replace deploying units. If
the ASA mission is formally assigned to the performing units, DOD's
plan should be responsive to our recommendation.
We are sending copies of this report to the Secretary of Defense and
other interested parties. In addition, the report will be available at
no charge on GAO's Web site at [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov].
If you or your staff have any questions about this report, please
contact me at (202) 512-5431 or dagostinod@gao.gov. Contact points for
our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found
on the last page of this report. GAO staff who made major contributions
to this report are listed in appendix III.
Signed by:
Davi M. D'Agostino:
Director, Defense Capabilities and Management:
[End of section]
Appendix I: Scope and Methodology:
To determine the extent to which North American Aerospace Defense
Command (NORAD) has adopted a risk-based management approach to
determine air sovereignty alert (ASA) operational requirements, we
reviewed prior GAO reports that recommended organizations use risk
assessments to manage risk and determine operational
requirements.[Footnote 36] We then interviewed officials and reviewed
documents from the Office of the Secretary of Defense, Joint Chiefs of
Staff, Air Force, and NORAD to determine the extent to which NORAD was
required to routinely conduct such an assessment to determine ASA
operational requirements. During our discussions, we asked these
officials if they routinely used risk assessments to determine ASA
requirements and how ASA requirements were assessed. We obtained and
reviewed their ASA assessments and compared them to the elements used
to conduct risk assessments.
In determining whether the Air Force had established ASA as a steady-
state mission according to the Department of Defense (DOD), NORAD, and
Air Force guidance, we reviewed documents and interviewed officials
from a range of DOD organizations involved in conducting, managing, or
overseeing ASA activities and funding. (See tables 2 and 3 for a list
of organizations and units that we interviewed during this review.)
Specifically, we reviewed NORAD, DOD, and Air Force policy documents
and statements, and interviewed officials to determine guidance and
directives related to ASA operations, and whether the guidance and
directives had been fulfilled; reviewed documents and interviewed
officials to determine the steps taken to fulfill guidance and
directives and the causes for not fulfilling any specific actions
listed in DOD guidance or directives; conducted site visits to
designated ASA sites; and interviewed officials from every unit
conducting ASA operations to determine what impacts, if any, may have
resulted from efforts to fulfill DOD guidance and directives related to
ASA operations.
To determine the extent to which the Air Force assesses the readiness
of units performing ASA operations, we analyzed Air Combat Command's
Operational Readiness Inspections, the Continental NORAD Region Command
Alert Force Operational Assessments, Pacific Air Force's Alert Force
Operational Assessments, and NORAD's Fighter Alert Force Evaluations
and compared them to readiness requirements in DOD guidance. From this
comparison we determined the extent to which each report reflected the
units' readiness to conduct ASA operations. We formed conclusions as to
the completeness of the readiness assessments based on this comparison,
and visited four ASA sites, interviewed 20 ASA units, and met with the
relevant Air National Guard (ANG) officials. We also interviewed
commanders from two sites that were scheduled to conduct ASA operations
after fiscal year 2008 due to DOD's 2005 Base Closure and Realignment
process; however, since the two units were not conducting ASA
operations at the time of our discussion we did not include their
responses with those from the 20 units that were conducting ASA
operations at the time of our discussion. In general, we compared the
readiness requirements contained in DOD's guidance with current
readiness assessments--graded and ungraded--used to evaluate the units
conducting ASA operations, and the overall effect, if any, these
assessments have had on the units' ability to meet ASA operations
readiness requirements. We analyzed DOD guidance, interviews, and
readiness reports to determine if ASA operations readiness requirements
were being fully captured in one or more currently used readiness
assessments.
In identifying the challenges to the long-term sustainability of the
Air Force's ASA operations and the extent to which the service had
plans to address these challenges, we reviewed documents and
interviewed officials from a range of DOD organizations involved in
conducting, managing, or overseeing ASA activities and funding. (See
tables 2 and 3 for a list of organizations and units that we
interviewed during this review.) Specifically, officials with whom we
met and conducted structured interviews identified a number of
challenges that they believed could affect the long-term sustainability
of ASA operations. Based on these discussions, we were able to identify
those issues that were frequently identified. We then reviewed NORAD,
DOD, and Air Force documents pertaining to these challenges. For
example, in addition to discussions we had with officials knowledgeable
about the lifespan of the F-15s and F-16s, we reviewed and analyzed
documents that reflected the expected lifespan of these aircraft. We
assumed that units will cease to be viable in terms of conducting the
ASA mission half-way through the 3-year drawdown period, at which time
the ASA units will not have enough aircraft to fulfill both their ASA
and expeditionary missions. We then reviewed and analyzed the Air
Force's F-22 and F-35 fielding schedules to determine whether those
aircraft would be available before the F-15s and F-16s exceed their
expected lifespan. The F-35 fielding schedule did not identify the
specific ANG bases that are expected to receive the F-35s, so for the
purposes of our analysis we assumed that the Air Force would provide
the F-35s to those sites conducting ASA operations before equipping ANG
units not conducting ASA operations. Air Force officials told us that a
fielding schedule reflects the projected fielding of equipment and that
the fielding dates could be postponed if the equipment is not developed
according to schedule. We also reviewed NORAD, DOD, and Air Force
documents and statements to determine which organizations or offices
were responsible for addressing these challenges and subsequently asked
each of these organizations or offices to provide us with plans that
they had developed to address these or any other challenges that could
affect the long-term sustainability of ASA operations.
Table 2: DOD Commands and Organizations That We Visited During This
Review:
Office of the Secretary of Defense;
* Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense.
Headquarters Air Force;
* Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Financial
Management;
* Office of the Air Force Deputy Chief of Staff for Air and Space
Operations;
* Office of the Air Force Deputy Chief of Staff for Logistics
Installations and Mission Support;
* Office of the Air Force Deputy Chief Of Staff for Plans and
Requirements;
* Office of the Air Force Deputy Chief Of Staff for Strategic Plans and
Programs;
* Homeland Defense Office.
NORAD/U.S. Northern Command (NORTHCOM);
* Office of the Chief of Staff;
* Directorate of Personnel;
* Directorate of Intelligence;
* Directorate of Operations;
* Directorate of Logistics;
* Plans;
* Programming/Financial Management;
* Analysis;
* NORAD/NORTHCOM Command and Control Center.
National Guard Bureau/ANG;
* Director, ANG;
* Directorate of Personnel;
* Directorate of Operations;
* Directorate of Programming.
Air Combat Command;
* Office of the Chief of Staff;
* Directorate of Personnel;
* Directorate of Intelligence;
* Directorate of Operations;
* Directorate of Logistics;
* Plans;
* Programming;
* Financial Management.
First Air Force/Air Forces Northern Command/NORAD Continental Region
Command;
* Office of the Chief of Staff;
* Directorate of Personnel;
* Directorate of Intelligence;
* Directorate of Operations;
* Directorate of Logistics;
* Plans;
* Infrastructure and Contracting;
* Financial Management;
* 601st Air Operations Center.
ASA sites;
* Andrews Air Force Base (AFB), Maryland;
* Buckley AFB, Colorado;
* Duluth International Airport, Minnesota;
* Langley AFB, Virginia.
Source: GAO.
[End of table]
Table 3: ASA Units That We Contacted During Our Structured Interviews:
Sites conducting ASA operations at the time of our structured
interviews:
ASA site: Andrews AFB, Maryland;
Air Force unit: 113WG 121FS;
Active duty/ANG unit: District of Columbia ANG.
ASA site: Atlantic City International Airport, New Jersey;
Air Force unit: 177FW/119FS;
Active duty/ANG unit: New Jersey ANG.
ASA site: Buckley AFB, Colorado;
Air Force unit: 140WG /120FS;
Active duty/ANG unit: Colorado ANG.
ASA site: Burlington International Airport, Vermont; (Site will
deactivate in fiscal year 2010 when Barnes Air National Guard Station
(ANGS), Massachusetts, becomes an active ASA site);
Air Force unit: 158FW/134FS;
Active duty/ANG unit: Vermont ANG.
ASA site: Duluth International Airport, Minnesota;
Air Force unit: 148 FW/179FS;
Active duty/ANG unit: Minnesota ANG.
ASA site: Ellington Field, Texas;
Air Force unit: 138FW/125FS;
Active duty/ANG unit: Oklahoma ANG detachment.
ASA site: Elmendorf AFB, Alaska;
Air Force unit: 3WG/19FS;
Active duty/ANG unit: Active duty unit.
ASA site: Elmendorf AFB, Alaska;
Air Force unit: 3WG/90FS;
Active duty/ANG unit: Active duty unit.
ASA site: Fresno Yosemite International Airport, California;
Air Force unit: 144FW/194FS;
Active duty/ANG unit: California ANG.
ASA site: Hickam AFB, Hawaii;
Air Force unit: 154WG/199FS;
Active duty/ANG unit: Hawaii ANG.
ASA site: Homestead Air Reserve Base (ARB), Florida;
Air Force unit: 125FW/159FS;
Active duty/ANG unit: Florida ANG detachment.
ASA site: Langley AFB, Virginia;
Air Force unit: 158FW/134FS;
Active duty/ANG unit: Vermont ANG detachment.
ASA site: Langley AFB, Virginia;
Air Force unit: 114FW/175FS;
Active duty/ANG unit: South Dakota ANG detachment.
ASA site: (Madison) Dane County Regional Airport, Wisconsin;
Air Force unit: 115FW/176FS;
Active duty/ANG unit: Wisconsin ANG.
ASA site: March ARB, California;
Air Force unit: 144FW/194FS;
Active duty/ANG unit: California ANG detachment.
ASA site: New Orleans, Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base, Louisiana;
Air Force unit: 159FW/122FS;
Active duty/ANG unit: Louisiana ANG.
ASA site: Portland International Airport, Oregon;
Air Force unit: 142FW/123FS;
Active duty/ANG unit: Oregon ANG.
ASA site: Selfridge Air National Guard Base (ANGB), Michigan; (ASA
mission transferred to Toledo, Ohio in October 2008);
Air Force unit: 127WG/107FS;
Active duty/ANG unit: Michigan ANG.
ASA site: Shaw AFB, South Carolina;
Air Force unit: 20FW;
Active duty/ANG unit: Active duty unit.
Sites that received the ASA mission as a result of the 2005 DOD Base
Closure and Realignment process:
ASA site: Toledo Express Airport, Ohio; (Site became active in October
2008);
Air Force unit: 180FW/112FS;
Active duty/ANG unit: Ohio ANG.
ASA site: Barnes ANGS, Massachusetts; (Site is scheduled to become an
active ASA site in fiscal year 2010);
Air Force unit: 104FW/131FS;
Active duty/ANG unit: Massachusetts ANG.
Source: GAO.
[End of table]
Appendix II: Comments from the Department of Defense:
Note: GAO comments supplementing those in the report text appear at the
end of this appendix.
Assistant Secretary Of Defense:
Homeland Defense And Americas' Security Affairs:
2600 Defense Pentagon:
Washington, D.C. 20301-2600:
December 18, 2008:
Ms. Davi M. D'Agostino:
Director, Defense Capabilities and Management:
U.S. Government Accountability Office:
441 G Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20548:
Dear Ms. D'Agostino:
This is the Department of Defense (DoD) response to the GAO draft
report, "Homeland Defense: Actions Needed to Improve Management of Air
Sovereignty Alert Operations to Protect U.S. Airspace," (GAO Code
351186/GAO-09-184). DoD concurs with two recommendations and partially
concurs with three recommendations. Our response to your
recommendations is enclosed (Enclosure 1) as is our technical response
(Enclosure 2).
Our point of contact is Mr. Gary Betourne, Office of the Assistant
Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense and America's Security
Affairs, (703)693-1248, or gary.betourne@wl.mil.
Sincerely,
Signed by:
Peter F. Verga:
Principal Deputy:
Enclosures: As stated:
GAO Draft Report - Dated November 26, 2008:
GAO Code 351186/GAO-09-184:
"Homeland Defense: Actions Needed To Improve Management Of Air
Sovereignty Alert Operations To Protect U.S. Airspace"
Department Of Defense Comments To The Recommendations:
Recommendation 1: The GAO recommends that the Secretary of Defense
direct the Commander of the U.S. command element of the North America
Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) to adopt and implement a risk-based
management approach to determine air sovereignty alert (ASA)
operational requirements, in order to better inform decisions on the
provision and placement of capabilities and resources - including the
levels and types of ASA sites, personnel, and aircraft - to support
these operations.
DoD Response: Partially concur. The Department has a long-established
process to ensure US forces and capabilities are identified, resourced,
and maintained consistent with national security priorities and the
risks posed by threats to the homeland. The air sovereignty mission is
no exception.
The process begins with the Unified Command Plan (UCP). The current
UCP, signed in 2006, provides direction for combatant commanders
(COCOMs), to execute their respective missions, including the defense
of the United States. In April 2008, the President approved and the
Secretary issued (May 2008) the Guidance for Employment of the Force
(GEF), a document that consolidates guidance for contingency planning,
global defense posture, and global force management. "Defend the
homeland in depth" is identified as one of the priorities in the GEF.
Strategic priorities are also identified in the Guidance for
Development of the Force (GDF), also issued by the Secretary. The GDF
covers the period 2010-2015 and identifies defending the homeland as
one of the priority focus areas. In turn, the Military Services, guided
by the COCOMs, participate in the Joint Capabilities Integration
Development System (JCIDS) process to identify requirements based on
mission assignments and responsibilities. Gaps in mission capabilities
are identified, including air sovereignty-a broad mission area where
each Service has a responsibility to train and equip, and multiple
COCOMs (i.e., US Northern Command, US Pacific Command, US Southern
Command, US Transportation Command, and US Joint Forces Command) are
charged with execution should the need arise. This process utilizes
intelligence assessments that characterize the threat for the air
sovereignty mission. Within this mission area, the Air Force and Army
are the principal contributors.
Once gaps in mission capabilities are identified and requirements are
proposed to fill those gaps, risk is applied in the budget process and
programs are resourced according to the priorities established by the
Secretary during the Program Objective Memorandum (POM) process.
Available funding is then applied to counter risk in the Future Years
Defense Program (FYDP). The FYDP facilitates a crosswalk between DoD's
requirements and the President's Budget, ultimately resulting in
appropriations from Congress.
We believe that sufficient guidance and a long-standing risk-based
process guide our decisions on air sovereignty alert operations.
Recommendation 2: The GAO recommends that the Secretary of Defense
direct the Secretary of the Air Force to implement air sovereignty
alert (ASA) as a steady-state mission according to the North American
Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), DoD, and Air Force guidance,
including:
* implementing the ASA program action directive;
* updating the Air Force homeland defense policy, homeland operations
doctrine, and concept of operations to incorporate and define the roles
and responsibilities for ASA operations; and,
* incorporating the ASA mission within the Air Force submissions for
the 6-year Future Years Defense Program.
DoD Response: Concur. The USAF Program Action Directive (PAD) 2003-01-
XOH, 28 February 2003, outlines the way ahead for homeland air defense
for steady-state alert posture. Because the ASA PAD was created in
2003, the Air Force will review it for appropriate content and accuracy
in concert with other key policy documents, including AFPD 10-8
(Homeland Defense and Civil Support) and homeland operations doctrine.
We expect this review to be complete by the end of FY09. Additionally,
we will determine if other Military Services should initiate a similar
effort.
The air sovereignty alert mission consists of more than just the alert
operation and far more than just fighter aircraft. Today, the alert
operation is principally supported by the Air Force and the Army. The
US Navy/US Marine Corps can participate in alert operations when
circumstances warrant. A Marine unit entered into mission qualification
training during the brief period when the F-15 force was grounded.
Should there be a need to provide for the air defense of Guam, the
Marines Corps would likely support that air defense operation. [See
comment 1]
The Department plans to review and update, as required, policy,
operations, doctrine, steady-state alert requirements, and concept of
operations for the air sovereignty mission pending a review of the
Operation Noble Eagle Execution Order. If an update is required, it
will address force requirements for: fighters, missile defense systems,
air refueling tankers, airborne warning and control aircraft, and other
support elements for each air sovereignty alert level, as well as
identifying the supporting Military Services and COCOMS. Such an update
would also reflect the impact of the most current threat assessment. In
turn, the Military Services and COCOMs will identify the impact of any
changes to future plans and resources in the FYDP.
For the FY10 budget submission, the Department plans to include a
detailed budget display for the air sovereignty alert mission in
compliance with §354 of the FY09 National Defense Authorization Act.
Recommendation 3: The GAO recommends that the Secretary of Defense
direct the Secretary of the Air Force to formally assign the air
sovereignty alert (ASA) mission to units performing ASA operations at
steady-state sites, and then ensure that the readiness of units
performing ASA operations is fully assessed to include training,
personnel, equipment, and the ability to respond to an alert.
DoD Response: Partially concur. The Secretary of Defense is furnishing
clear direction through the Operation Noble Eagle Execution Order
(EXORD). The EXORD formally assigns supported and supporting roles to
multiple agencies (i.e., the Military Services, US European Command, US
Northern Command, US Pacific Command, US Southern Command, US
Transportation Command, and US Joint Forces Command). The exclusive
assignment of only specific Air Force units and sites would appear to
be inconsistent with the flexibility and capabilities under this EXORD.
The Department will review the EXORD in the near future to determine if
any changes are necessary. [See comment 1]
Recommendation 4: The GAO recommends that the Secretary of Defense
direct the Secretary of the Air Force to develop and implement a plan
to address any projected capability gaps in air sovereignty alert (ASA)
units due to the expected end of useful service lives of the F-15s and
F-16s.
DoD Response: Partially concur. This recommendation underscores the
complexity associated with maintaining critical defense assets for
future operations as well as the air sovereignty and alert operation
missions. The report recognizes the challenges the Department has in
reaching an acceptable balance between capabilities and risks. We will
ensure that the air sovereignty force-which consists of air refueling
tankers, airborne command and control aircraft, ground command and
control systems, and space assets-remains mission ready. The Army and
the National Guard also contribute significantly to this mission.
In 2008, the Secretary of Defense issued guidance and established
priorities in the Guidance for Employment of the Force in conjunction
with the Guidance for Development of the Force. In response, the Air
Force, a principal provider and the focus of the aircraft-related
portion of this report, has placed a high priority on recapitalizing its
aging fleet of fighter aircraft. Part of this recapitalization effort
will involve modernizing the aircraft that support the air sovereignty
mission and its day-to-day alert component, as well as the other
missions assigned to fighter aircraft. This work is underway and it
will address the service life issue of the F-15 and F-16 aircraft.
Fiscal constraints and environmental impacts will affect the final plan
for replacement aircraft or the modernization of existing aircraft.
Recommendation 5: The GAO recommends that the Secretary of Defense
direct the Secretary of the Air Force to develop and implement a formal
method to replace deploying units that still provides unit commanders
flexibility to coordinate their own replacements.
DoD Response: Concur. The Secretary of Defense has already established
a formal process represented by the Global Force Management
Implementation Guidance and operated under the Joint Staff Force
Sourcing Business Rules and the Secretary of Defense Operations Book
(SDOB). The US Joint Forces Command will examine the existence of
informal elements of this process, highlight the existence of the
formal process, and issue any validated changes, or emphasis as
required, in the next edition of the SDOB.
GAO's Comment:
1. The Department of Defense's response further demonstrates the lack
of consistency and clarity of concepts, definitions, and terms
surrounding air sovereignty alert (ASA) we identified in our review and
highlights the need for a commonly understood definition of ASA. As we
discussed in our report and illustrated in Figure 4, and as defined by
the North American Aerospace Defense Command and First Air Force, ASA
operations are part of the broader air defense mission; that is, they
are the ground operations that take place prior to a fighter aircraft
lifting off in response to an alert, at which point the operation
becomes a homeland air defense mission. However, the scope of our study
was ASA operations, and we did not address the broader air defense
mission.
[End of section]
Appendix III: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgements:
GAO Contact:
Davi M. D'Agostino (202) 512-5431 or dagostinod@gao.gov:
Acknowledgements:
In addition to the contact named above, the following individuals made
significant contributions to this report: Lorelei St. James (Assistant
Director), Tommy Baril, Cathleen Berrick, Victoria De Leon, Jane Ervin,
Carol Henn, Jennifer Huber, Susan Irving, Joanne Landesman, Gregory
Marchand, Terry Richardson, Bethann E. Ritter, and John E. Trubey.
[End of section]
Related GAO Products:
Homeland Defense:
Homeland Defense: U.S. Northern Command Has Made Progress but Needs to
Address Force Allocation, Readiness Tracking Gaps, and Other Issues.
[hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-251]. Washington, D.C.:
April 16, 2008.
Reserve Forces: Actions Needed to Identify National Guard Domestic
Equipment Requirements and Readiness. [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-07-60]. Washington, D.C.: January 26,
2007.
Homeland Security: Agency Resources Address Violations of Restricted
Airspace, but Management Improvements Are Needed. [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-05-928T]. Washington, D.C.: July 21,
2005.
Reserve Forces: Observations on Recent National Guard Use in Overseas
and Homeland Missions and Future Challenges. [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-04-670T]. Washington, D.C.: April 29,
2004.
Homeland Defense: DOD Needs to Assess the Structure of U.S. Forces for
Domestic Military Missions. [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-03-670]. Washington, D.C.: July 11,
2003.
Risk Management:
Risk Management: Strengthening the Use of Risk Management Principles in
Homeland Security. [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-904T]. Washington, D.C.: June 25,
2008.
Highlights of a Forum Convened by the Comptroller General of the United
States: Strengthening the Use of Risk Management Principles in Homeland
Security. [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-627SP].
Washington, D.C.: April 15, 2008.
Homeland Security: Applying Risk Management Principles to Guide Federal
Investments. [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-07-386T].
Washington, D.C.: February 7, 2007.
Risk Management: Further Refinements Needed to Assess Risks and
Prioritize Protective Measures at Ports and Other Critical
Infrastructure. [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-06-91].
Washington, D.C.: December 15, 2005.
Aviation Security and Transportation Security:
Transportation Security: TSA Has Developed a Risk-Based Covert Testing
Program, but Could Better Mitigate Aviation Security Vulnerabilities
Identified Through Covert Tests. [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-958]. Washington, D.C.: August 8,
2008.
Aviation Security: Transportation Security Administration Has
Strengthened Planning to Guide Investments in Key Aviation Security
Programs, but More Work Remains. [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-1024T]. Washington, D.C.: July 24,
2008.
Transportation Security: Efforts to Strengthen Aviation and Surface
Transportation Security are Under Way, but Challenges Remain.
[hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-140T]. Washington, D.C.:
October 16, 2007.
Aviation Security: Federal Coordination for Responding to In-flight
Security Threats Has Matured, but Procedures Can Be Strengthened.
[hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-07-891R]. Washington, D.C.:
July 31, 2007.
Critical Infrastructure: Challenges Remain in Protecting Key Sectors.
[hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-07-626T]. Washington, D.C.:
March 20, 2007.
[End of section]
Footnotes:
[1] NORAD is a binational United States and Canadian organization
charged with the missions of aerospace warning and aerospace control
for North America. Aerospace warning includes the monitoring of man-
made objects in space, and the detection, validation, and warning of
attack against North America whether by aircraft, missiles, or space
vehicles, through mutual support arrangements with other commands.
Aerospace control includes ensuring air sovereignty and air defense of
the airspace of Canada and the United States.
[2] The White House, National Security Presidential Directive 47/
Homeland Security Presidential Directive 16 (NSPD-47/HSPD-16), National
Strategy for Aviation Security (Washington, D.C.: Mar. 26, 2007).
[3] The current NORAD commander is also the commander of U.S. Northern
Command (NORTHCOM).
[4] DOD's Operation NOBLE EAGLE was initiated after the terrorist
attacks of September 11, 2001, to address asymmetric threats.
[5] Title 32 and Title 10 refer to sections of the United States Code.
[6] In October 2008, ASA operations transferred from Selfidge Air
National Guard Base (ANGB), Michigan to Toledo Express Airport, Ohio,
as a result of DOD's 2005 Base Closure and Realignment process.
Although we talked with unit commanders from Toledo, we did not include
their responses in our analysis since the unit was not conducting ASA
operations at the time of our discussion.
[7] The five phases include determination of strategic goals,
objectives, and constraints; risk assessment; evaluation of
alternatives; management selection; and implementation and monitoring.
See GAO, Homeland Security: Key Elements of a Risk Management Approach,
[hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-02-150T] (Washington, D.C.:
Oct. 21, 2001); Homeland Security: Further Actions Needed to Coordinate
Federal Agencies' Facility Protection Efforts and Promote Key
Practices, [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-05-49]
(Washington, D.C.: Nov. 30. 2004); High-Risk Series: An Update,
[hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-05-207] (Washington, D.C.:
January 2005); 21st Century Challenges: Reexamining the Base of the
Federal Government, [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-05-325]
(Washington, D.C.: February 2005); Defense Management: Additional
Actions Needed to Enhance DOD's Risk-Based Approach for Making Resource
Decisions, [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-06-13]
(Washington, D.C.: Nov. 15, 2005); and Risk Management: Further
Refinements Needed to Assess Risks and Prioritize Protective Measures
at Ports and Other critical Infrastructure, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-06-91] (Washington, D.C.: Dec. 15,
2005).
[8] Although DOD uses the term "steady state" in multiple documents, we
were unable to find an official DOD definition. However, headquarters
Air Force officials told us that DOD generally refers to a steady-state
mission as one that is ongoing and indefinite. Implementing ASA
operations into a steady-state mission would include a number of
actions, including baselining the operations across the Air Force's
Future Years Defense Program.
[9] We also interviewed commanders from two additional sites that were
scheduled to conduct ASA operations after fiscal year 2008 as a result
of DOD's 2005 Base Closure and Realignment process. An ANG unit located
at Toledo Express Airport, Ohio started conducting ASA operations in
October 2008 and an ANG unit located at Barnes Air National Guard
Station (ANGS), Massachusetts, is scheduled to take over ASA operations
during fiscal year 2010. However, since the two units were not
conducting ASA operations at the time of our discussion we did not
include their responses with those from the 20 units that were
conducting ASA operations at the time of our discussion. Therefore,
throughout the report, we refer to 20 alert units located at 18 alert
sites.
[10] In August 2008, the Air Force issued an updated template in an
effort to establish a standard for construction projects at ASA sites.
[11] The Future Years Defense Program is the program and financial plan
for the Department of Defense, and includes a projection of costs data,
manpower, and force structure at least 4 years beyond the budget year,
as approved by the Secretary of Defense. It is provided to Congress in
conjunction with the President's budget.
[12] DOD currently uses a readiness system called the Status of
Resource and Training System to identify the adequacy of personnel,
training, and equipment assigned to a unit to conduct its assigned
mission. DOD announced plans to implement the Defense Readiness
Reporting System in 2002. In 2006, we reported on this system and
stated that while it contained usable information and functionality, it
was in the early phases of implementation and data validation. See GAO,
Force Structure: DOD Needs to Integrate Data into Its Force
Identification Process and Examine Options to Meet Requirements for
High-Demand Support Forces, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-06-962] (Washington, D.C.: Sep. 5,
2006).
[13] DOD, Program Budget Decision No. 727 (Washington, D.C.: Dec. 12,
2003).
[14] The Air Force issues mission designed operational capabilities
statements that identify the unit's mission(s) and related requirements
(e.g., type and number of personnel). The unit's readiness is based on
these requirements.
[15] By viable we mean aircraft that have not yet reached the end of
their useful service life.
[16] DOD, National Defense Strategy (Washington, D.C.: June 2008); and
Strategy for Homeland Defense and Civil Support (Washington, D.C.: June
2005).
[17] The three regional commanders include the Commander of the
Continental NORAD Region, which includes the airspace over the 48
contiguous states; the Commander of the Alaskan NORAD Region, which
includes the airspace over Alaska; and the Commander of the Canadian
NORAD Region, which includes the airspace over Canada. Air sovereignty
for Hawaii is the responsibility of U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) and
does not fall within the NORAD command structure.
[18] The Air Force has assigned a numbered air force to support each
combatant command or major command. The intent is to have the units
assigned to each numbered air force properly equipped and manned with
trained personnel to conduct that particular commander's missions.
Current ASA units are assigned to the following numbered air forces
(and assigned combatant or major command): First Air Force (NORTHCOM),
Ninth Air Force (U.S. Central Command), Eleventh Air Force (U.S.
Pacific Command), Twelfth Air Force (Air Combat Command), and
Thirteenth Air Force (U.S. Pacific Command).
[19] ANG units may operate under the authority of Title 10 or Title 32
of the United States Code, or fall under state laws. For a brief
discussion of respective roles and responsibilities for each status,
see Air Force Doctrine Document 2-8, Command and Control (Washington,
D.C.: June 1, 2007); and GAO, Homeland Security: Enhanced National
Guard Readiness for Civil Support Missions May Depend on DOD's
Implementation of the 2008 National Defense Authorization Act,
[hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-311] (Washington, D.C.:
Apr. 16, 2008).
[20] The assessment also evaluated the locations of aircraft, such as
airborne early warning aircraft, that support ASA fighter aircraft.
[21] Headquarters U.S. Air Force Program Action Directive (PAD) 2003-
01-XOH, Homeland Air Defense for Steady State Alert Posture for Air
National Guard, Air Force Reserve Command, Air Mobility Command, Air
Education and Training Command, Air Force Materiel Command, Air Force
Space Command, Pacific Air Forces, Air Force Special Operations
Command, and Air Combat Command (Washington, D.C.: Feb. 28, 2003).
[22] The directive did not identify specific time frames to accomplish
these actions.
[23] In the Duncan Hunter National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal
Year 2009, Congress directed the Secretary of Defense to submit a
consolidated budget justification covering all programs and activities
of the ASA mission for the Air Force, beginning with the fiscal year
2010 budget submission. Pub. L. No. 110-417, § 354 (2008).
[24] Air Force Policy Directive 10-8, Homeland Defense and Civil
Support, (Washington, D.C.: Sep. 7, 2006); Air Force Doctrine Document
2-10, Homeland Operations (Washington, D.C.: Mar. 21, 2006); U.S. Air
Force, Homeland Defense and Civil Support (HDCS) CONOPS (Washington,
D.C.: Mar. 1, 2006).
[25] There are currently 20 units conducting ASA operations at the 18
steady-state sites.
[26] Congress directed the Secretary of Defense to submit a
consolidated budget justification covering all programs and activities
of the ASA mission for the Air Force, beginning with the fiscal year
2010 budget submission. Pub. L. No. 110-417, § 354 (2008).
[27] The Air Force and other military services use DOD's Status of
Resource and Training System to evaluate the adequacy of unit
personnel, training, and quantity and quality of equipment.
[28] The Air Force issues mission designed operational capabilities
statements that identify the unit's mission(s) and related requirements
(e.g., type and number of personnel). The unit's readiness is based on
these requirements.
[29] By viable we mean aircraft that have not yet reached the end of
their useful service life.
[30] The following ASA sites are scheduled to be equipped with viable
fighter aircraft after 2020: Elmendorf AFB, Alaska, and Hickham AFB,
Hawaii, will have F-22s; Homestead AFB, Florida, Barnes ANGS,
Massachusetts, New Orleans Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base,
Louisiana, and Portland International Airport, Oregon, will have F-15s;
and Shaw AFB, South Carolina, should have switched from F-16s to the F-
35s. While the associated active-duty units at Langley AFB, Virginia
(1FW and 192FW) will have F-22s, these units do not currently conduct
ASA operations. The Vermont ANG unit that conducts ASA operations at
Langley AFB (158FW) is not currently scheduled to have viable aircraft
after 2018.
[31] Congress did not request a corresponding F-22 study. H.R. Rep No.
110-146 at 111-112 (May 11, 2007).
[32] Air Force officials told us that a fielding schedule reflects the
projected fielding of equipment and that the fielding dates could be
postponed if the equipment is not developed, tested, and produced
according to schedule. Since the F-35 fielding schedule does not
identify specific locations, for the purposes of our analysis we
assumed that ASA units, given their homeland defense mission, would be
the first ANG units to receive new aircraft. Our projection is also
based on the assumption that none of the current ASA units will be
adversely affected by the Air Force's proposal to retire the F-15s and
F-16s earlier than originally planned. If any of these assumptions are
inconsistent with Air Force actions, the number of current ASA sites
without viable fighter aircraft could increase.
[33] As we previously reported, DOD has long-term plans to replace
aging legacy aircraft with fewer, more expensive but more capable and
stealthy aircraft. However, recapitalizing and modernizing tactical air
forces within today's constrained budget environment is a formidable
challenge. GAO, Tactical Aircraft: DOD Needs a Joint and Integrated
Investment Strategy, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-07-415] (Washington, D.C.: Apr. 2,
2007).
[34] The National Capital Region includes the Washington, D.C.
metropolitan area and has additional air defense needs. In July 2005,
we testified about the interagency coordination and information sharing
that is necessary to address violation of restricted airspace,
including airspace over the National Capital Region. See GAO, Homeland
Security: Agency Resources Address Violations of Restricted Airspace,
but Management Improvements are Needed, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-05-928T] (Washington, D.C.: July 21,
2005).
[35] Congress directed the Secretary of Defense to submit a
consolidated budget justification covering all programs and activities
of the ASA mission for the Air Force, beginning with the fiscal year
2010 budget submission. Pub. L. No. 110-417, § 354 (2008).
[36] See GAO, Homeland Security: Key Elements of a Risk Management
Approach, [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-02-150T]
(Washington, D.C.: Oct. 21, 2001); Homeland Security: Further Actions
Needed to Coordinate Federal Agencies' Facility Protection Efforts and
Promote Key Practices, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-05-49] (Washington, D.C.: Nov. 30,
2004); High-Risk Series: An Update, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-05-207] (Washington, D.C.: January
2005); 21st Century Challenges: Reexamining the Base of the Federal
Government, [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-05-325]
(Washington, D.C.: February 2005); Defense Management: Additional
Actions Needed to Enhance DOD's Risk-Based Approach for Making Resource
Decisions, [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-06-13]
(Washington, D.C.: Nov. 15, 2005); and Risk Management: Further
Refinements Needed to Assess Risks and Prioritize Protective Measures
at Ports and Other Critical Infrastructure, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-06-91] (Washington, D.C.: Dec. 15,
2005).
[End of section]
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