Veterinarian Workforce
The Federal Government Lacks a Comprehensive Understanding of Its Capacity to Protect Animal and Public Health Gao ID: GAO-09-424T February 26, 2009Veterinarians play an essential role in the defense against animal diseases, some of which can have serious repercussions for the health of animals, humans, and the economy. More than half of the federal veterinarians work in the Departments of Agriculture (USDA) and Health and Human Services (HHS). However, there is a growing national shortage of veterinarians. This testimony focuses primarily on two key points as addressed in GAO's recently released report, Veterinarian Workforce: Actions Are Needed to Ensure Sufficient Capacity for Protecting Public and Animal Health (GAO-09-178, February 4, 2009). First, the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) has not conducted a governmentwide effort to address current and future shortages of federal veterinarians; and, second, USDA and HHS have not assessed the sufficiency of their veterinarian workforces departmentwide. For the report, GAO, among other things, surveyed 24 federal component agencies about their veterinarian workforces. GAO also determined the extent to which the departments that employ about 96 percent of federal veterinarians, including USDA and HHS, have assessed the sufficiency of their veterinarian workforce. In addition, GAO interviewed officials of OPM to identify any initiatives it has conducted to address the sufficiency of the federal veterinarian workforce.
Although OPM's mission is to ensure the federal government has an effective civilian workforce, OPM has not conducted a governmentwide effort to address current and future federal veterinarian shortages. This is problematic because the majority of the 24 component agencies that employ veterinarians reported concerns to GAO about the sufficiency of their veterinarian workforces. For example, USDA's Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) has not been fully staffed over the past decade, and HHS' National Institutes of Health faces challenges recruiting veterinarians that specialize in laboratory animal medicine and pathology. Moreover, this situation is likely to become more challenging as a large number of federal veterinarians become eligible to retire in the near future. For example, 30 percent of USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) veterinarians will be eligible to retire by the end of fiscal year 2011. USDA and HHS have not assessed the sufficiency of their veterinarian workforces departmentwide, despite the fact that their component agencies that employ mission-critical veterinarians are currently experiencing shortages or anticipating shortages in the future. As a result, USDA component agencies compete against one another for veterinarians instead of following a departmentwide strategy to balance the needs of these agencies. Specifically, APHIS is attracting veterinarians away from FSIS because the work at APHIS is more appealing, opportunities for advancement are greater, and the salaries are higher. Moreover, neither USDA nor HHS is fully aware of the status of its veterinarian workforce at its component agencies and, therefore, cannot strategically plan for future veterinarian needs. For example, senior HHS strategic workforce planning officials GAO spoke with were unaware of a 2007 report by one of its own Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advisory committees that found that FDA cannot fulfill its mission because of an insufficient scientific workforce, and that FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine is in a state of crisis. To address these findings, GAO made numerous recommendations in its veterinarian workforce report. For example, GAO recommended that the Secretaries of Agriculture and Health and Human Services conduct departmentwide assessments of their veterinarian workforces to identify current and future workforce needs and departmentwide solutions to problems shared by its agencies. In addition, GAO recommended that the Director of the Office of Personnel Management determine, based on USDA's and HHS's departmentwide veterinarian workforce evaluations, whether a governmentwide effort is needed to address shortcomings in the sufficiency of the current and future veterinarian workforce.
GAO-09-424T, Veterinarian Workforce: The Federal Government Lacks a Comprehensive Understanding of Its Capacity to Protect Animal and Public Health
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Testimony:
Before the Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, the
Federal Workforce, and the District of Columbia, Committee on Homeland
Security and Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate:
United States Government Accountability Office:
GAO:
For Release on Delivery:
Expected at 2:30 p.m. EST:
Thursday, February 26, 2009:
Veterinarian Workforce:
The Federal Government Lacks a Comprehensive Understanding of Its
Capacity to Protect Animal and Public Health:
Statement of Lisa Shames, Director:
Natural Resources and Environment:
GAO-09-424T:
GAO Highlights:
Highlights of GAO-09-424T, a testimony before the Subcommittee on
Oversight of Government Management, the Federal Workforce, and the
District of Columbia, Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental
Affairs, U.S. Senate.
Why GAO Did This Study:
Veterinarians play an essential role in the defense against animal
diseases, some of which can have serious repercussions for the health
of animals, humans, and the economy. More than half of the federal
veterinarians work in the Departments of Agriculture (USDA) and Health
and Human Services (HHS). However, there is a growing national shortage
of veterinarians.
This testimony focuses primarily on two key points as addressed in
GAO‘s recently released report, Veterinarian Workforce: Actions Are
Needed to Ensure Sufficient Capacity for Protecting Public and Animal
Health (GAO-09-178, February 4, 2009). First, the Office of Personnel
Management (OPM) has not conducted a governmentwide effort to address
current and future shortages of federal veterinarians; and, second,
USDA and HHS have not assessed the sufficiency of their veterinarian
workforces departmentwide. For the report, GAO, among other things,
surveyed 24 federal component agencies about their veterinarian
workforces. GAO also determined the extent to which the departments
that employ about 96 percent of federal veterinarians, including USDA
and HHS, have assessed the sufficiency of their veterinarian workforce.
In addition, GAO interviewed officials of OPM to identify any
initiatives it has conducted to address the sufficiency of the federal
veterinarian workforce.
What GAO Found:
Although OPM‘s mission is to ensure the federal government has an
effective civilian workforce, OPM has not conducted a governmentwide
effort to address current and future federal veterinarian shortages.
This is problematic because the majority of the 24 component agencies
that employ veterinarians reported concerns to GAO about the
sufficiency of their veterinarian workforces. For example, USDA‘s Food
Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) has not been fully staffed over the
past decade, and HHS‘ National Institutes of Health faces challenges
recruiting veterinarians that specialize in laboratory animal medicine
and pathology. Moreover, this situation is likely to become more
challenging as a large number of federal veterinarians become eligible
to retire in the near future. For example, 30 percent of USDA‘s Animal
and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) veterinarians will be
eligible to retire by the end of fiscal year 2011.
USDA and HHS have not assessed the sufficiency of their veterinarian
workforces departmentwide, despite the fact that their component
agencies that employ mission-critical veterinarians are currently
experiencing shortages or anticipating shortages in the future. As a
result, USDA component agencies compete against one another for
veterinarians instead of following a departmentwide strategy to balance
the needs of these agencies. Specifically, APHIS is attracting
veterinarians away from FSIS because the work at APHIS is more
appealing, opportunities for advancement are greater, and the salaries
are higher. Moreover, neither USDA nor HHS is fully aware of the status
of its veterinarian workforce at its component agencies and, therefore,
cannot strategically plan for future veterinarian needs. For example,
senior HHS strategic workforce planning officials GAO spoke with were
unaware of a 2007 report by one of its own Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) advisory committees that found that FDA cannot fulfill its
mission because of an insufficient scientific workforce, and that FDA‘s
Center for Veterinary Medicine is in a state of crisis.
To address these findings, GAO made numerous recommendations in its
veterinarian workforce report. For example, GAO recommended that the
Secretaries of Agriculture and Health and Human Services conduct
departmentwide assessments of their veterinarian workforces to identify
current and future workforce needs and departmentwide solutions to
problems shared by its agencies. In addition, GAO recommended that the
Director of the Office of Personnel Management determine, based on
USDA‘s and HHS‘s departmentwide veterinarian workforce evaluations,
whether a governmentwide effort is needed to address shortcomings in
the sufficiency of the current and future veterinarian workforce.
To view the full product, including the scope and methodology, click on
[hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-09-424T]. For more
information, contact Lisa Shames at (202) 512-3841 or shamesl@gao.gov.
[End of section]
Mr. Chairman and Members of the Subcommittee:
I am pleased to be here to discuss our report on the federal
veterinarian workforce and the actions needed to ensure a sufficient
capacity for protecting public and animal health, which you recently
released.[Footnote 1] As you know, veterinarians play a vital role in
the defense against animal diseases--whether naturally or intentionally
introduced--and these diseases can have serious repercussions for the
health of animals, humans, and the economy. However, there is a growing
shortage of veterinarians nationwide--particularly those veterinarians
who care for animals raised for food, serve in rural communities, and
are trained in public health. This shortage, according to the American
Veterinary Medical Association, could hinder efforts to protect humans
from zoonotic diseases, which are diseases that spread between animals
and humans. The shortage is expected to worsen--partly as a result of
space constraints at the country's 28 veterinary colleges, which can
graduate only about 2,500 students a year combined--yet the demand for
veterinarians is expected to increase.
Veterinarians play a critical role in ensuring the safety of the U.S.
food supply. However, the staffing levels at the Department of
Agriculture's (USDA) Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS)--where
veterinarians help ensure the safety of meat and poultry and the humane
treatment of animals during slaughter--have declined since 1995 despite
an increasing budget.[Footnote 2] In addition, in 2007, we designated
the federal oversight of food safety as a high-risk area of government
operations because the current fragmented system has resulted in
inconsistent oversight, ineffective coordination, and inefficient use
of resources.[Footnote 3]
In this context, I will focus my testimony today on two key points.
First, the Office of Personnel Management (OPM), whose mission is to
ensure the federal government has an effective civilian workforce, has
not conducted a governmentwide effort to address current and future
shortages of federal veterinarians even though 16 of 24 component
agencies that employ veterinarians reported concerns about the
sufficiency of their veterinarian workforce. Second, USDA and the
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), which together employ 68
percent of the federal veterinarian workforce, have not assessed the
sufficiency of their veterinarian workforces departmentwide even though
their component agencies that employ mission-critical veterinarians are
currently experiencing shortages of veterinarians or anticipating
shortages in the future.
My statement is based on the work we conducted for our recently
released report, Veterinarian Workforce: Actions Are Needed to Ensure
Sufficient Capacity for Protecting Public and Animal Health. Among
other things, we surveyed federal departments and their component
agencies employing veterinarians to determine the number, salaries,
roles, and responsibilities of veterinarians, as well as any concerns
these agencies had about the sufficiency of their veterinarian
workforce. We then determined the extent to which the departments that
employ about 96 percent of federal veterinarians, including USDA and
HHS, have assessed the sufficiency of their veterinarian workforce. In
addition, we interviewed OPM officials to identify any initiatives it
has conducted to address the sufficiency of the federal veterinarian
workforce. We conducted our work in accordance with generally accepted
government auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and
perform the audit to obtain sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide
a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit
objectives. We believe that the evidence obtained provides a reasonable
basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives.
OPM Has Not Conducted a Governmentwide Effort to Address Current and
Future Federal Veterinarian Shortages:
OPM has not conducted a governmentwide effort to address current and
future veterinarian shortages. The lack of a governmentwide initiative
is problematic because the majority (67 percent) of the 24 component
agencies that employ veterinarians told us they have concerns about the
sufficiency of their veterinarian workforce. For example, USDA's FSIS
has not been fully staffed over the past decade, and veterinarians
working in its slaughter plants told us that this shortage has impaired
the agency's ability to meet its food safety responsibilities.
Similarly, USDA's Agricultural Research Service (ARS) has experienced
difficulty attracting and retaining veterinarians who also have a Ph.D.
to conduct critical animal disease research, such as detecting avian
influenza and developing vaccines against it. In addition, USDA's
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), whose veterinarians
help maintain the health of the nation's livestock and poultry, has
identified a potential future shortage of veterinary pathologists.
Furthermore, HHS' National Institutes of Health (NIH) faces challenges
recruiting veterinarians that specialize in laboratory animal medicine
and pathology. These challenges can be serious because regulations
require that veterinarians be available to ensure the proper care of
research animals.
Such challenges are likely to worsen as a large number of federal
veterinarians become eligible to retire in the near future. For
example, APHIS reported that 30 percent of its veterinarians will be
eligible to retire by the end of fiscal year 2011. As the shortage
grows, those federal agencies that pay veterinarians higher salaries
are likely to gain a recruitment advantage. Salaries for individual
veterinarians range from $35,000 for those in the residency program at
the National Zoo to $205,000 for the highest paid veterinarian at NIH.
As figure 1 illustrates, mean veterinarian base salaries vary widely
across the federal government, from just under $70,000 at the
Department of the Interior's National Park Service to about $122,000 at
the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) Office of Health Affairs.
Figure 1: Mean Veterinarian Base Salaries at 19 Federal Departments or
Component Agencies in Fiscal Year 2008:
[Refer to PDF for image]
This figure is a multiple vertical bar graph depicting the following
data:
Component agency/federal entity[A]: Food Safety and Inspection
Service[B] (USDA);
Mean veterinarian salary: $70,354.
Component agency/federal entity[A]: Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service (USDA);
Mean veterinarian salary: $81,195.
Component agency/federal entity[A]: Agricultural Research Service
(USDA);
Mean veterinarian salary: $90,432.
Component agency/federal entity[A]: Cooperative State Research,
Education, and Extension Service (USDA);
Mean veterinarian salary: $114,036.
Component agency/federal entity[A]: Air Force (DOD);
Mean veterinarian salary: $69,588.
Component agency/federal entity[A]: Army (DOD);
Mean veterinarian salary: $69,588.
Component agency/federal entity[A]: Food and Drug Administration (HHS);
Mean veterinarian salary: $83,028.
Component agency/federal entity[A]: Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention[B] (HHS);
Mean veterinarian salary: $90,736.
Component agency/federal entity[A]: National Institutes of Health
(HHS);
Mean veterinarian salary: $117,713.
Component agency/federal entity[A]: National Park Service (Interior);
Mean veterinarian salary: $68,689.
Component agency/federal entity[A]: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
(Interior);
Mean veterinarian salary: $75,522.
Component agency/federal entity[A]: U.S. Geological survey (Interior);
Mean veterinarian salary: $85,229.
Component agency/federal entity[A]: National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration;
Mean veterinarian salary: $80,579.
Component agency/federal entity[A]: Environmental Protection Agency;
Mean veterinarian salary: $84,194.
Component agency/federal entity[A]: National Zoo;
Mean veterinarian salary: $89,694.
Component agency/federal entity[A]: National Aeronautics and Space
Administration;
Mean veterinarian salary: $93,730.
Component agency/federal entity[A]: Department of Veterans Affairs;
Mean veterinarian salary: $93,840.
Component agency/federal entity[A]: U.S. Agency for International
Development;
Mean veterinarian salary: $94,608.
Component agency/federal entity[A]: Office of Health Affairs;
Mean veterinarian salary: $121,588.
Source: GAO analysis of agency data.
Note: Salaries do not include locality pay and stipends. In addition,
we have not included mean salaries for those agencies with fewer than
four veterinarians: the Departments of Energy and Justice; HHS's Office
of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response; and DHS's
Directorate for National Protection and Programs. In addition, DHS's
Directorate for Science and Technology was unable to provide base
salary information before our veterinary workforce report was issued
and, therefore, is not included.
[A] We relied on officials from these federal departments or component
agencies to identify mean salaries of all veterinarians employed,
including civil and military service employees, and contractors,
regardless of job title. Because data are means reported by agencies,
we could not assess the underlying distribution for outliers or
skewness.
[B] This does not include the salaries of the United States Public
Health Service Commissioned Corps veterinarians stationed at these
component agencies. The Commissioned Corps is a uniformed service that
belongs to HHS but fills public health leadership and service roles at
several federal agencies.
[End of figure]
Our prior work has identified the need for OPM to use its leadership
position to help departments and agencies recruit and retain a capable
and committed workforce.[Footnote 4] During the course of our
veterinarian workforce review, OPM officials told us they would
initiate a governmentwide effort to address a veterinarian shortage if
the departments demonstrated that one exists. Such an effort could
include allowing departments to expedite the hiring of veterinarians,
as OPM has done in the past for doctors and nurses. Toward the end of
our review, OPM officials told us the agency had created a team to
determine whether an expedited hiring authority should be granted for
all federal veterinarians and that a decision is expected in early
2009. In early 2007, OPM raised the entry grade level for newly hired
veterinarians from GS-9 to GS-11.
Neither USDA nor HHS Has Assessed the Sufficiency of Its Veterinarian
Workforce across Its Component Agencies:
Even though all but one of their component agencies that employ mission-
critical veterinarians are currently experiencing shortages of
veterinarians or anticipating shortages in the future, officials from
both USDA and HHS told us that they have not undertaken a
departmentwide assessment of their workforces to gain a broader
perspective on trends and shared issues. While USDA regularly collects
veterinarian workforce data from its component agencies that employ
veterinarians, it does not use this information to assess the
sufficiency of the veterinarian workforce departmentwide. According to
department officials, workforce assessment is the responsibility of the
agencies. However, because USDA delegates this responsibility, it
appears to be unaware of the scope of the workforce problems facing its
agencies. For example, in its fiscal year 2007 human capital management
report, USDA reported that its agencies had met or surpassed certain
veterinarian workforce goals but made no mention of the shortages that
FSIS and ARS identified in their workforce reports.
One result of this lack of department-level involvement is that USDA
agencies compete against one another for veterinarians instead of
following a departmentwide strategy to balance the needs of the
agencies. According to FSIS officials, APHIS is attracting
veterinarians away from FSIS because the work at APHIS is more
appealing, opportunities for advancement are greater, and the salaries
are higher. In fact, the mean annual salary for veterinarians at FSIS
in 2007 was about $78,000, the lowest among the three key USDA agencies
(see fig. 2), whereas the mean annual salary for APHIS was about
$91,000 that same year. According to an APHIS human resources official,
the agency hired 75 veterinarians from FSIS between fiscal years 2003
and 2007, 17 percent of all new APHIS veterinarians hired.
Figure 2: Mean Veterinarian Salaries by Key USDA Agencies, Fiscal Years
2003-2007:
[Refer to PDF for image]
This figure is a multiple line graph depicting the following data:
Fiscal year: 2003;
FSIS: $68,663;
APHIS: $75,731;
ARS: $88,024.
Fiscal year: 2004;
FSIS: $70,661;
APHIS: $80,126;
ARS: $89,643.
Fiscal year: 2005;
FSIS: $73,021;
APHIS: $84,310;
ARS: $95,450.
Fiscal year: 2006;
FSIS: $75,830;
APHIS: $88,137;
ARS: $97,752.
Fiscal year: 2007;
FSIS: $77,678;
APHIS: $90,629;
ARS: $102,081.
Source: GAO analysis of Central Personnel Data File data.
Note: Data in this figure contains locality pay.
In responding to a draft of our veterinarian workforce report, USDA
said that because APHIS and FSIS employ the majority of veterinarians
within the department, these component agencies will work together,
with departmental consultation, as needed, to develop solutions to
shared problems. We continue to believe that a departmentwide
assessment is necessary.
Similarly, HHS has neither assessed veterinarian workforce needs
departmentwide nor instructed any of its component agencies that employ
veterinarians--Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC), and NIH--to assess their own workforces.
HHS is thus not fully aware of the status of the veterinarian workforce
at these component agencies and cannot strategically plan for future
veterinarian needs. For example, senior HHS strategic workforce
planning officials we spoke with were unaware of a 2007 report by an
FDA advisory committee that found that FDA cannot fulfill its mission
because of an insufficient scientific workforce. More specifically, the
report stated that FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine is in a state
of crisis. This center employs nearly two-thirds of FDA's 152
veterinarians and is responsible for ensuring the safety of veterinary
drugs and regulating animal feed, among other things.
HHS officials told us that department-level leadership in workforce
planning is important. In fact, in commenting on a draft of our
veterinarian workforce report, they said that all HHS operating and
staff division heads are now required to have workforce plans in place
for their organizations by September 2009. According to these
officials, the HHS Office of Human Resources will review these plans to
identify opportunities for departmentwide collaboration with regard to
strategic recruitment, development, and retention.
Our work also revealed other areas in which the federal government
lacks information about the sufficiency of its veterinarian workforce.
For example, despite reports of insufficient veterinarian capacity
during four recent disease outbreaks, many federal and state agencies
have not assessed their workforce response to these outbreaks, and none
of these agencies have looked across outbreaks in order to identify
workforce challenges that they may have had in common. Without such
understanding, the nation's veterinarian workforce may be unprepared
not only for future routine outbreaks, but also for catastrophic
events. In fact, we found that federal efforts to identify the
veterinarian workforce that would be needed during two types of
catastrophic events--a pandemic influenza and multiple intentional
introductions of foot-and-mouth disease--are insufficient. For example,
part of DHS's effort to identify the necessary workforce to respond to
a foot-and-mouth disease outbreak lacks crucial data, such as how the
disease would spread in wildlife. If wildlife became infected, as they
have in the past, the response would be greatly complicated and could
require more veterinarians and different types of expertise.
GAO made numerous recommendations in its veterinarian workforce report
to help ensure sufficient veterinarian capacity to protect public and
animal health. Among these, we recommended that the Secretary of
Agriculture direct FSIS to periodically assess whether its level of
inspection resources dedicated to food safety and humane slaughter
activities is sufficient. We also recommended that the Secretaries of
Agriculture and Health and Human Services conduct departmentwide
assessments of their veterinarian workforces to identify current and
future workforce needs (including training and employee development)
and departmentwide solutions to problems shared by its agencies. We
further recommended that the Director of the Office of Personnel
Management determine, based on USDA's and HHS's departmentwide
veterinarian workforce evaluations, whether a governmentwide effort is
needed to address shortcomings in the sufficiency of the current and
future veterinarian workforce.
In conclusion, the nation is facing a growing shortage of
veterinarians, and component agencies have already identified
insufficiencies in their veterinarian workforces. Unless USDA and HHS
conduct departmentwide assessments of their veterinarian workforces,
they will not fully understand the size and nature of the challenges
they face in recruiting and retaining veterinarians with the
appropriate skills. This will leave their component agencies without a
high-level solution to problems they have so far been unable to solve
on their own. Moreover, without departmentwide assessments, OPM will
not have the information it needs to assess current and future
veterinarian workforce needs governmentwide, and the federal government
will be missing opportunities to find common solutions for attracting
veterinarians into federal service. If the federal government as a
whole does not proactively assess current and future veterinarian
workforce needs--for both routine and catastrophic events--it will
continue to undermine its ability to protect the health of people,
animals, and the economy.
Mr. Chairman, this concludes my prepared statement. I would be happy to
respond to any questions that you or Members of the Subcommittee may
have at this time.
GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments:
For further information about this testimony, please contact Lisa
Shames, Director, Natural Resources and Environment, at (202) 512-3841,
or shamesl@gao.gov. Key contributors to this testimony were Mary
Denigan-Macauley and Michelle K. Treistman. Kevin Bray, Nancy Crothers,
and Carol Kolarik also made important contributions. Contact points for
our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found
on the last page of this testimony.
[End of section]
Footnotes:
[1] GAO, Veterinarian Workforce: Actions Are Needed to Ensure
Sufficient Capacity for Protecting Public and Animal Health,
[hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-178] (Washington, D.C.:
Feb. 4, 2009).
[2] GAO, Humane Methods of Handling and Slaughter: Public Reporting on
Violations Can Identify Enforcement Challenges and Enhance
Transparency, [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-686T]
(Washington, D.C.: April 17, 2008).
[3] GAO, High-Risk Series: An Update, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-271] (Washington, D.C.: January
2009).
[4] GAO, Human Capital: Transforming Federal Recruiting and Hiring
Efforts, [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-762T]
(Washington, D.C.: May 8, 2008).
[End of section]
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