Hospital Emergency Departments
Bibliography (GAO-09-348SP, April 30, 2009), an E-supplement to GAO-09-347 Gao ID: GAO-09-348SP April 30, 2009This is an e-supplement to GAO-09-347. This document presents a bibliography of a literature review conducted as part of our work on emergency department crowding (GAO-09-347). As part of our work to analyze and report on information made available since 2003 about (1) three indicators of emergency department crowding--ambulance diversion, wait times, and patient boarding, and (2) factors that contribute to emergency department crowding, we conducted a literature review of 197 articles, including articles published in peer-reviewed and other periodicals, publications from professional, research, and other organizations, and reports issued by federal and state agencies. In examining the information made available since 2003 about indicators of crowding during our literature review, we also analyzed articles for what was reported on the effect of crowding on patient quality of care and proposed strategies to address crowding. In order to obtain these articles, we conducted structured searches of 16 research databases and obtained articles identified as a result of interviews with federal officials, professional and research organizations, and subject-matter experts, and through searches of related Web sites. We reviewed 197 articles, publications, and reports (which we call articles) on emergency department crowding published on or between January 1, 2003, and August 31, 2008. This e-supplement lists each article we reviewed for this engagement and is arranged in four separate sections based on the type of article: (1) articles reporting results of quantitative analysis, (2) commentaries, (3) articles reporting on literature reviews, or (4) other articles, which include articles published on or between January 1, 2003, and August 31, 2008, that were identified as a result of our interviews with federal officials, professional and research organizations, and subject-matter experts. This fourth category, "other articles," includes articles that are published by professional associations to report results of their surveys. Additional information about the methodology used in the literature review is contained in our report, Hospital Emergency Departments: Crowding Continues to Occur, and Some Patients Wait Longer than Recommended Time Frames (GAO-09-347).
GAO-09-348SP, Hospital Emergency Departments: Bibliography (GAO-09-348SP, April 30, 2009), an E-supplement to GAO-09-347
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GAO-09-348SP:
United States Government Accountability Office:
Washington, DC 20548:
Hospital Emergency Departments: Bibliography (GAO-09-348SP, April 30,
2009), an E-supplement to GAO-09-347:
Read the Full Report: Hospital Emergency Departments: Crowding
Continues to Occur, and Some Patients Wait Longer than Recommended Time
Frames (GAO-09-347, April 30, 2009).
This document presents a bibliography of a literature review conducted
as part of our work on emergency department crowding (GAO-09-347). As
part of our work to analyze and report on information made available
since 2003 about (1) three indicators of emergency department crowding-
-ambulance diversion, wait times, and patient boarding,[Footnote 1] and
(2) factors that contribute to emergency department crowding, we
conducted a literature review of 197 articles, including articles
published in peer-reviewed and other periodicals, publications from
professional, research, and other organizations, and reports issued by
federal and state agencies. In examining the information made available
since 2003 about indicators of crowding during our literature review,
we also analyzed articles for what was reported on the effect of
crowding on patient quality of care and proposed strategies to address
crowding. In order to obtain these articles, we conducted structured
searches of 16 research databases and obtained articles identified as a
result of interviews with federal officials, professional and research
organizations, and subject-matter experts, and through searches of
related Web sites.[Footnote 2]
We reviewed 197 articles, publications, and reports (which we call
articles) on emergency department crowding published on or between
January 1, 2003, and August 31, 2008. This e-supplement lists each
article we reviewed for this engagement and is arranged in four
separate sections based on the type of article: (1) articles reporting
results of quantitative analysis, (2) commentaries, (3) articles
reporting on literature reviews, or (4) other articles, which include
articles published on or between January 1, 2003, and August 31, 2008,
that were identified as a result of our interviews with federal
officials, professional and research organizations, and subject-matter
experts. This fourth category, "other articles," includes articles that
are published by professional associations to report results of their
surveys. Additional information about the methodology used in the
literature review is contained in our report, Hospital Emergency
Departments: Crowding Continues to Occur, and Some Patients Wait Longer
than Recommended Time Frames (GAO-09-347).
Each section of articles is alphabetized by the author's last name or
by the title of the article if there is no author.
We conducted this performance audit from May 2008 through April 2009 in
accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. Those
standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain
sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for our
findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We believe that
the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for our findings and
conclusions based on our audit objectives.
If you have questions concerning this bibliography, please contact
Marcia Crosse at (202) 512-7114 or crossem@gao.gov.
Contents:
Articles Reporting Results of Quantitative Analysis (80 articles):
Commentaries (64 articles):
Articles Reporting on Literature Reviews (8 articles):
Other Articles (45 articles):
[End of section]
Articles Reporting on Quantitative Analysis (80 articles):
Asamoah, O. K., S. J. Weiss, A. A. Ernst, M. Richards, and D. P.
Skylar. "A Novel Diversion Protocol Dramatically Reduces Diversion
Hours." American Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 26, no. 6 (2008):
670-75.
Asaro, P. V., L. M. Lewis, and S. B. Boxerman. "Emergency Department
Overcrowding: Analysis of the Factors of Renege Rate." Academic
Emergency Medicine, vol. 14, no. 2 (2007): 157-62.
Asaro, P. V., L. M. Lewis, and S. B. Boxerman. "The Impact of Input and
Output Factors on Emergency Department Throughput." Academic Emergency
Medicine, vol. 14, no. 3 (2007): 235-42.
Ballard, D. W., R. W. Derlet, B. A. Rich, and R. A. Lowe. "EMTALA, Two
Decades Later: A Descriptive Review of Fiscal Year 2000 Violations."
American Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 24, no. 2 (2006): 197-205.
Baumann, M. R., and T.D. Strout. "Evaluation of the Emergency Severity
Index (Version 3) Triage Algorithm in Pediatric Patients." Academic
Emergency Medicine, vol. 12, no. 3 (2005): 219-24.
Bayley, M. D., J. S. Schwartz, F. S. Shofer, M. Weiner, F. D. Sites, K.
B. Traber, and J. E. Hollander. "The Financial Burden of Emergency
Department Congestion and Hospital Crowding for Chest Pain Patients
Awaiting Admission." Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 45, no. 2
(2005): 110-17.
Begley, C. E., Y. Chang, R. C. Wood, and A. Weltge. "Emergency
Department Diversion and Trauma Mortality: Evidence from Houston,
Texas." Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.
57, no. 6 (2004): 1260-65.
Bernstein, S. L., V. Verghese, W. Leung, A. T. Lunney, and I. Perez.
"Development and Validation of a New Index to Measure Emergency
Department Crowding." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 10, no. 9
(2003): 938-42.
Boudreaux, E. D., C. V. Mandry, and K. Wood. "Patient Satisfaction Data
as a Quality Indicator: A Tale of Two Emergency Departments." Academic
Emergency Medicine, vol. 10, no. 3 (2003): 261-68.
Bourgeois, F. T., and M. W. Shannon. "Emergency Care for Children in
Pediatric and General Emergency Departments." Pediatric Emergency Care,
vol. 23, no. 2 (2007): 94-102.
Brosseau, D. C., J. Bergholte, and M. H. Gorelick. "The Effect of Prior
Interactions With a Primary Care Provider on Nonurgent Pediatric
Emergency Department Use." Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine,
vol. 158, no. 1 (2004): 78-82.
Burt, C. W., L. F. McCaig, and R. H. Valverde. "Analysis of Ambulance
Transports and Diversions Among US Emergency Departments." Annals of
Emergency Medicine, vol. 47, no. 4 (2006): 317-26.
Chalfin, D. B., S. Trzeciak, A. Likourezos, B. M. Baumann, and R. P.
Dellinger. "Impact of Delayed Transfer of Critically Ill Patients From
the Emergency Department to the Intensive Care Unit." Critical Care
Medicine, vol. 35, no. 6 (2007): 1477-83.
Chan, T. C., J. P. Killeen, D. Kelly, and D. A. Guss. "Impact of Rapid
Entry and Accelerated Care at Triage on Reducing Emergency Department
Patient Wait Times, Lengths of Stay, and Rate of Left Without Being
Seen." Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 46, no. 6 (2005): 491-97.
Chen, E. H., A. M. Mills, B. Y. Lee, J. L. Robey, K. E. Zogby, F. S.
Shofer, P. M. Reilly, and J. E. Hollander. "The Impact of a Concurrent
Trauma Alert Evaluation on Time to Head Computed Tomography in Patients
with Suspected Stroke." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 13, no. 3
(2006): 349-52.
Chia, W. T., Y. S. Chen, C. F. Lin, H. H. Lie, and B. F. Lin.
"Difference in Time to X Ray with Similar Time to Treatment Decision
Leads to Differences in Waiting Times of Patients with Hip Fracture in
a Crowded Emergency Department." Emergency Medicine Journal, vol. 25,
no. 5 (2008): 274-275.
Ding, R., J. J. Jung, T. D. Kirsch, F. Levy, and M. L. McCarthy.
"Uncompleted Emergency Department Care: Patients Who Leave Against
Medical Advice." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 14, no. 10 (2007):
870-76.
Epps, C. D., L. J. Ware, and A. Packard. "Ethnic Wait Time Differences
in Analgesic Administration in the Emergency Department." Pain
Management Nursing, vol. 9, no. 1 (2008): 26-32.
Epstein, S. K., and L. Tian. "Development of an Emergency Department
Work Score to Predict Ambulance Diversion." Academic Emergency
Medicine, vol. 13, no. 4 (2006): 421-26.
Falvo, T., L. Grove, R. Stachura, and W. Zirkin. "The Financial Impact
of Ambulance Diversion and Patient Elopements." Academic Emergency
Medicine, vol. 14, no. 1 (2007): 58-62.
Falvo, T., L. Grove, R. Stachura, D. Vega, R. Stike, M. Schlenker, and
W. Zirkin. "The Opportunity Loss of Boarding Admitted Patients in the
Emergency Department." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 14, no. 4
(2007): 332-37.
Fee, C., E. J. Weber, C. A. Maak, and P. Bacchetti. "Effect of
Emergency Department Crowding on Time to Antibiotics in Patients
Admitted with Community-Acquired Pneumonia." Annals of Emergency
Medicine, vol. 50, no. 5 (2007): 501-09.
Flottemesch, T. J., B. D. Gordon, and S. S. Jones. "Advanced
Statistics: Developing a Formal Model of Emergency Department Census
and Defining Operational Efficiency." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol.
14, no. 9 (2007): 799-809.
Garson, C., J. E. Hollander, K. V. Rhodes, F. S. Shofer, W. G. Baxt,
and J. M. Pines. "Emergency Department Patient Preferences for Boarding
Locations When Hospitals Are at Full Capacity." Annals of Emergency
Medicine, vol. 51, no. 1 (2008): 9-12.
Green, L. V., J. Soares, J. F. Giglio, and R. A. Green. "Using Queueing
Theory to Increase the Effectiveness of Emergency Department Provider
Staffing." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 13, no. 1 (2006): 61-68.
Han, J. H., C. Zhou, D. J. France, S. Zhong, I. Jones, A. B. Storrow,
and D. Aronsky. "The Effect of Emergency Department Expansion on
Emergency Department Crowding." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 14,
no. 4 (2007): 338-43.
Hoot, N. R., L. J. LeBlanc, I. Jones, S. R. Levin, C. Zhou, C. S. Gadd,
and D. Aronsky. "Forecasting Emergency Department Crowding: A Discreet
Event Simulation." Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 52, no. 2 (2008):
116-25.
Hoot, N. R., C. Zhou, I. Jones, and D. Aronsky. "Measuring and
Forecasting Emergency Department Crowding in Real Time." Annals of
Emergency Medicine, vol. 49, no. 6 (2007): 747-55.
Howard, M. S., B. A. Davis, C. Anderson, D. Cherry, P. Koller, and D.
Shelton. "Patients' Perspective for Choosing the Emergency Department
for Nonurgent Medical Care: A Qualitative Study Exploring One Reason
for Overcrowding." Journal of Emergency Nursing, vol. 31, no. 5 (2005):
429-35.
Hwang, U., L. D. Richardson, T. O. Sonuyi, and R. S. Morrison. "The
Effect of Emergency Department Crowding on the Management of Pain in
Older Adults With Hip Fracture." Journal of American Geriatric Society,
vol. 54, no. 2 (2006): 270-75.
Jones, S. S., T. L. Allen, T. J. Flottemesch, and S. J. Welch. "An
Independent Evaluation of Four Quantitative Emergency Department
Crowding Scales." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 13, no. 11 (2006):
1204-11.
Kennedy, J., K. Rhodes, C. A. Walls, B. R. Asplin. "Access to Emergency
Care: Restricted by Long Waiting Times and Cost and Coverage Concerns."
Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 43, no. 5 (2004): 567-73.
Khaleghi, M., A. Loh, D. Vroman, T. C. Chan, and G. M. Vilke. "The
Effects of Minimizing Ambulance Diversion Hours on Emergency
Departments." Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 33, no. 2 (2007): 155-
59.
Koran, Z. "The Impact of an Admission Unit on Failure-and Late-to-
Rescue Rates in the Emergency Department." Advanced Emergency Nursing
Journal, vol. 29, no. 4 (2007): 339-45.
Lagoe, R. J., J. C. Kohlbrenner, L. D. Hall, M. Roizen, P. A. Nadle,
and R. C. Hunt. "Reducing Ambulance Diversion: A Multihospital
Approach." Prehospital Emergency Care, vol. 7, no. 1 (2003): 99-108.
Lambe, S., D. L. Washington, A. Fink, M. Laouri, H. Liu, J. S. Fosse,
R. H. Brook, and S. M. Asch. "Waiting Times in California's Emergency
Departments." Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 41, no. 1 (2003): 35-
44.
Lee, K., and L. Davenport. "Can Case Management Interventions Reduce
the Number of Emergency Department Visits by Frequent Users?" The
Health Care Manager, vol. 25, no. 2 (2006): 155-59.
Lee-Lewandrowski, E., D. Corboy, K. Lewandrowski, J. Sinclair, S.
McDermot, and T. I. Benzer. "Implementation of a Point-of-Care
Satellite Laboratory in the Emergency Department of an Academic Medical
Center: Impact on Test Turnaround Time and Patient Emergency Department
Length of Stay." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, vol. 127,
no. 4 (2003): 456-60.
Liu, S., C. Hobgood, and J. H. Brice. "Impact of Critical Bed Status on
Emergency Department Patient Flow and Overcrowding." Academic Emergency
Medicine, vol. 10, no. 4 (2003): 382-85.
McCarthy, M. L., D. Aronsky, I. D. Jones, J. R. Miner, R. A. Band, J.
M. Baren, J. S. Desmond, K. M. Baumlin, R. Ding, and R. Shesser. "The
Emergency Department Occupancy Rate: A Simple Measure of Emergency
Department Crowding?" Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 51, no. 1
(2008): 15-24.
McCarthy, M. L., A. D. Shore, G. Li, J. New, J. J. Scheulen, N. Tang,
R. Collela, and G. D. Kelen. "Likelihood of Reroute During Ambulance
Diversion Periods in Central Maryland." Prehospital Emergency Care,
vol. 11, no. 4 (2007): 408-15.
McConnell, K. J., C. F. Richards, M. Daya, S. L. Bernell, C. C.
Weathers, R. A. Lowe. "Effect of Increased ICU Capacity on Emergency
Department Length of Stay and Ambulance Diversion." Annals of Emergency
Medicine, vol. 45, no. 5 (2005): 471-78.
McConnell, K. J., C. F. Richards, M. Daya, C. C. Weathers, and R. A.
Lowe. "Ambulance Diversion and Lost Hospital Revenues." Annals of
Emergency Medicine, vol. 48, no. 6 (2006): 702-10.
McMullan J. T., and F. H. Veser. "Emergency Department Volume and
Acuity as Factors in Patients Leaving Without Treatment." Southern
Medical Journal, vol. 97, no. 8 (2004): 729-33.
Meisel, Z. F., C. V. Pollack, C. C. Mechem, and J. M. Pines.
"Derivation and Internal Validation of a Rule to Predict Hospital
Admission in Prehospital Patients." Prehospital Emergency Care, vol.
12, no. 3 (2008): 314-19.
Mohanty, S. A., D. L. Washington, S. Lambe, A. Fink, and S. M. Asch.
"Predictors of On-call Specialist Response in California Emergency
Departments." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 13, no. 5 (2006): 505-
12.
Patel, P. B., R. W. Derlet, D. R. Vinson, M. Williams, and J. Wills.
"Ambulance Diversion Reduction: the Sacramento Solution." American
Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 24, no. 2 (2006): 206-13.
Patel, P. B., and D. R. Vinson. "Team Assignment System: Expediting
Emergency Department Care." Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 46, no.
6 (2005): 499-506.
Pines, J. M., C. Garson, W. G. Baxt, K. V. Rhodes, F. S. Shofer, and J.
E. Hollander. "ED Crowding is Associated with Variable Perceptions of
Care Compromise." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 14, no. 12 (2007):
1176-81.
Pines, J. M., and J. E. Hollander. "Emergency Department Crowding is
Associated With Poor Care for Patients With Severe Pain." Annals of
Emergency Medicine, vol. 51, no. 1 (2008): 1-5.
Pines, J. M., J. E. Hollander, A. R. Localio, and J. P. Metlay. "The
Association Between Emergency Department Crowding and Hospital
Performance on Antibiotic Timing for Pneumonia and Percutaneous
Intervention for Myocardial Infarction." Academic Emergency Medicine,
vol. 13, no. 8 (2006): 873-78.
Pines, J. M., A. R. Localio, J. E. Hollander, W. G. Baxt, H. Lee, C.
Phillipps, and J. P. Metlay. "The Impact of Emergency Department
Crowding Measures on Time to Antibiotics for Patients with Community-
Acquired Pneumonia." Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 50, no. 5
(2007): 510-16.
Polevoi, S. K., J. V. Quinn, and N. R. Kramer. "Factors Associated With
Patients Who Leave Without Being Seen." Academic Emergency Medicine,
vol. 12, no. 3 (2005): 232-36.
Quinn, J. V., S. V. Mahadevan, G. Eggers, H. Ouyang, and R. Norris.
"Effects of Implementing a Rapid Admission Policy in the ED." American
Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 25, no. 5 (2007): 559-63.
Rathlev, N. K., J. Chessare, J. Olshaker, D. Obendorfer, S. D. Mehta,
T. Rothenhaus, S. Crespo, et al. "Time Series Analysis of Variables
Associated with Daily Mean Emergency Department Length of Stay." Annals
of Emergency Medicine, vol. 49, no. 3 (2007): 265-71.
Reeder, T. J., D. L. Burleson, and H. G. Garrison. "The Overcrowded
Emergency Department: A Comparison of Staff Perceptions." Academic
Emergency Medicine, vol. 10, no. 10 (2003): 1059-64.
Richards, M. E., M. W. Hubble, and C. Crandall. "Influence of Ambulance
Arrival on Emergency Department Time to Be Seen." Prehospital Emergency
Care, vol. 10, no. 4 (2006): 440-46.
Roberts, D. C., M. P. McKay, and A. Shaffer. "Increasing Rates of
Emergency Department Visits for Elderly Patients in the United States,
1993 to 2003." Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 51, no. 6 (2008): 169-
74.
Rudkin, S. E., J. Oman, M. I. Langdorf, M. Hill, J. Bauche, P. Kivela,
and L. Johnson. "The State of ED On-Call Coverage in California."
American Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 22, no. 7 (2004): 575-81.
Ruger, J. P., C. J. Richter, and L. M. Lewis. "Clinical and Economic
Factors Associated with Ambulance Use to the Emergency Department."
Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 13, no. 8 (2006): 879-85.
Ruger, J. P., C. J. Richter, E. L. Spitznagel, and L. M. Lewis.
"Analysis of Costs, Length of Stay, and Utilization of Emergency
Department Services by Frequent Users: Implications for Health Policy."
Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 11, no. 12 (2004): 1311-17.
Sanchez, M., A. J. Smally, R. J. Grant, and L. M. Jacobs. "Effects of a
Fast-track Area on Emergency Department Performance." The Journal of
Emergency Medicine, vol. 31, no. 1 (2006): 117-20.
Sedlak, S. K., and A. Roberts. "Implementation of Best Practices to
Reduce Overall Emergency Department Length of Stay." Topics in
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Shah, M. N., R. J. Fairbanks, C. L. Maddow, E. B. Lerner, J. I. Syrett,
E. A. Davis, and S. M. Schneider. "Description and Evaluation of a
Pilot Physician-directed Emergency Medical Services Diversion Control
Program." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 13, no. 1 (2006) 54-60.
Solberg, L. I., B. R. Asplin, R. M. Weinick, and D. J. Magid.
"Emergency Department Crowding: Consensus Development of Potential
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Steele, R., and A. Kiss. "EMDOC (Emergency Department Overcrowding)
Internet-based Safety Net Research." Journal of Emergency Medicine,
vol. 35, no. 1 (2008): 101-07.
Sun, B. C., E. S. Binstadt, A. Pelletier, and C. A. Camargo, Jr.
"Characteristics and Temporal Trends of 'Left Before Being Seen' Visits
in U.S. Emergency Departments, 1995-2002." Journal of Emergency
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Sun, B. C., S. A. Mohanty, R. Weiss, R. Tadeo, M. Hasbrouck, W. Koenig,
C. Meyer, and S. Asch. "Effects of Hospital Closures and Hospital
Characteristics on Emergency Department Ambulance Diversion, Los
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no. 4 (2006): 309-16.
Takakuwa, K. M., F. S. Shofer, and S. B. Abbuhl. "Strategies for
Dealing With Emergency Department Overcrowding: A One-year Study on How
Bedside Registration Affects Patient Throughput Times." The Journal of
Emergency Medicine, vol. 32, no. 4 (2007): 337-42.
Vieth, T. L., and K. V. Rhodes. "The Effect of Crowding on Access and
Quality in an Academic ED." American Journal of Emergency Medicine,
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Vilke, G. M., L. Brown, P. Skogland, C. Simmons, and D. A. Guss.
"Approach to Decreasing Emergency Department Ambulance Diversion
Hours." Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 26, no. 2 (2004): 189-92.
Vilke, G. M., E. M. Castillo, M. A. Metz, L. U. Ray, P. A. Murrin, R.
Lev, and T. C. Chan. "Community Trial to Decrease Ambulance Diversion
Hours: The San Diego County Patient Destination Trial." Annals of
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Walsh, P., V. Cortez, and H. Bhakta. "Patients Would Prefer Ward to
Emergency Department Boarding While Awaiting an Inpatient Bed." Journal
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Wang, C., M. E. Villar, D. A. Mulligan, and T. Hansen. "Cost and
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Weiss, S. J., et al. "Comparison of the National Emergency Department
Overcrowding Scale and the Emergency Department Work Index for
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Weiss, S. J., R. Derlet, J. Arndahl, A. A. Ernst, J. Richards, M.
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Emergency Department Overcrowding in Academic Medical Centers: Results
of the National ED Overcrowding Study (NEDOCS)." Academic Emergency
Medicine, vol. 11, no. 1 (2004): 38-50.
Weiss, S. J., A. A. Ernst, R. Derlet, R. King, A. Bair, and T. G. Nick.
"Relationship Between the National ED Overcrowding Scale and the Number
of Patients Who Leave Without Being Seen in an Academic ED." American
Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 23, no. 3 (2005): 288-94.
Weiss, S. J., A. A. Ernst, M. R. Sills, B. J. Quinn, A. Johnson, and T.
G. Nick. "Development of a Novel Measure of Overcrowding in a Pediatric
Emergency Department." Pediatric Emergency Care, vol. 23, no. 9 (2007):
641-45.
Wilper, A. P., S. Woolhandler, K. E. Lasser, D. McCormick, S. L.
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Department Physician: U.S. Trends and Predictors, 1997-2004." Health
Affairs, vol. 27, no. 2 (2008): w84-w95.
Zibulewsky, J. "Medical Staff Knowledge of EMTALA at a Large, Tertiary-
care Hospital." American Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 21, no. 1
(2003): 8-13.
Commentaries (64 articles):
"Accelerated Triage Cuts LWBS Rate In Half." ED Management, October
2005.
Agrawal, S. "Emergency Department Crowding: An Ethical Perspective."
Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 14, no. 8 (2007): 750-51.
Asplin, B. R. "Does Ambulance Diversion Matter?" Annals of Emergency
Medicine, vol. 41, no. 4 (2003): 477-80.
Asplin, B. R. "Hospital-Based Emergency Care: A Future Without
Boarding?" Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 48, no. 2 (2006): 121-25.
Asplin, B. R. "Measuring Crowding: Time for a Paradigm Shift." Academic
Emergency Medicine, vol. 13, no. 4 (2006): 459-61.
Asplin, B. R., and D. J. Magid. "If You Want to Fix Crowding, Start by
Fixing Your Hospital." Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 49, no. 3
(2007): 273-74.
Asplin, B. R., D. J. Magid, K. V. Rhodes, L. I. Solberg, N. Lurie, and
C. A. Camargo, Jr. "A Conceptual Model of Emergency Department
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[End of section]
Footnotes:
[1] Boarding in the emergency department refers to a patient remaining
in the emergency department after the decision to admit to the hospital
or transfer the patient to another facility has been made.
[2] We did not include articles that were published outside of the
United States, used subjects or data from outside the United States,
were only available in an abstract form, focused on issues other than
day-to-day emergency department operations, or were unrelated to
emergency department crowding.
[End of section]
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