Transportation Worker Identification Credential
Progress Made in Enrolling Workers and Activating Credentials but Evaluation Plan Needed to Help Inform the Implementation of Card Readers Gao ID: GAO-10-43 November 18, 2009The Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC) program, which is managed by the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) Transportation Security Administration (TSA) and the U.S. Coast Guard, requires maritime workers who access secure areas of transportation facilities to obtain a biometric identification card to access these facilities. A federal regulation set a national compliance deadline of April 15, 2009. TSA is conducting a pilot program to test the use of TWICs with biometric card readers in part to inform the development of a second TWIC regulation. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) was asked to evaluate TSA's and the Coast Guard's progress and related challenges in implementing TWIC, and to evaluate the management challenges, if any, TSA, Coast Guard, and DHS face in executing the TWIC pilot test. GAO reviewed TWIC enrollment and implementation documents and conducted site visits or interviewed officials at the seven pilot program sites.
TSA, Coast Guard, and the maritime industry took a number of steps to enroll 1,121,461 workers in the TWIC program, or over 93 percent of the estimated 1.2 million users, by the April 15, 2009, national compliance deadline, but experienced challenges that resulted in delays. TSA and the Coast Guard implemented a staggered compliance approach whereby each of 42 regions impacted by TWIC were required to meet TWIC compliance prior to the national compliance date. Further, based on lessons learned from its early experiences with enrollment and activation, and to prepare for an expected surge in TWIC enrollments and activations as compliance dates approached, TSA and its contractor increased the number of stations available for TWIC enrollment and activation. While 93 percent of users were enrolled in TWIC by the compliance date, TSA data shows that some workers experienced delays in receiving TWICs. Among reasons for the delays, a power failure in October 2008 occurred at the government facility that processes TWIC data. The power failure resulted in credential activations being halted until late November 2008, and the inability to set new personal identification numbers (PIN) on 410,000 TWICs issued prior to the power failure. While TSA officials stated that they are taking steps to develop a disaster recovery plan by next year and a system to support disaster recovery by 2012, until such a plan and system(s) are put in place, TWIC systems remain vulnerable to similar disasters. While the full cost of this power failure is unknown, based on TSA provided figures, it could cost the government and industry up to approximately $26 million to replace all affected TWIC cards. While TSA has made progress in incorporating management best practices to execute the TWIC pilot, TSA faces two management challenges in ensuring the successful execution of the pilot test aimed at informing Congress and the development of the second TWIC regulation. First, TSA has faced challenges in using the TWIC pilot schedule to guide the pilot and accurately identify the pilot's completion date. TSA has improved its scheduling practices in executing the pilot, but weaknesses remain, such as not capturing all pilot activities in the schedule, that may adversely impact the schedule's usefulness as a management tool and for communicating with pilot participants in the maritime industry. Second, shortfalls in TWIC pilot planning have hindered TSA and Coast Guard's efforts to ensure that the pilot is broadly representative of deployment conditions and will yield the information needed--such as information on the operational impacts of deploying biometric card readers and their costs--to accurately inform Congress and the second rule. This is in part because these agencies have not developed an evaluation plan that fully identifies the scope of the pilot and specifies how the information from the pilot will be analyzed. The current evaluation plans describe data collection methods but do not identify the evaluation criteria and methodology to be used in analyzing the pilot data once collected. A well-developed, sound evaluation plan would help TSA and the Coast Guard determine how the data are to be analyzed to measure the project's performance.
RecommendationsOur recommendations from this work are listed below with a Contact for more information. Status will change from "In process" to "Open," "Closed - implemented," or "Closed - not implemented" based on our follow up work.
Director: Team: Phone:GAO-10-43, Transportation Worker Identification Credential: Progress Made in Enrolling Workers and Activating Credentials but Evaluation Plan Needed to Help Inform the Implementation of Card Readers
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Report to Congressional Requesters:
United States Government Accountability Office:
GAO:
November 2009:
Transportation Worker Identification Credential:
Progress Made in Enrolling Workers and Activating Credentials but
Evaluation Plan Needed to Help Inform the Implementation of Card
Readers:
GAO-10-43:
GAO Highlights:
Highlights of GAO-10-43, a report to congressional requesters.
Why GAO Did This Study:
The Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC) program,
which is managed by the Department of Homeland Security‘s (DHS)
Transportation Security Administration (TSA) and the U.S. Coast Guard,
requires maritime workers who access secure areas of transportation
facilities to obtain a biometric identification card to access these
facilities. A federal regulation set a national compliance deadline of
April 15, 2009. TSA is conducting a pilot program to test the use of
TWICs with biometric card readers in part to inform the development of
a second TWIC regulation. GAO was asked to evaluate TSA‘s and the Coast
Guard‘s progress and related challenges in implementing TWIC, and to
evaluate the management challenges, if any, TSA, Coast Guard, and DHS
face in executing the TWIC pilot test. GAO reviewed TWIC enrollment and
implementation documents and conducted site visits or interviewed
officials at the seven pilot program sites.
What GAO Found:
TSA, Coast Guard, and the maritime industry took a number of steps to
enroll 1,121,461 workers in the TWIC program, or over 93 percent of the
estimated 1.2 million users, by the April 15, 2009, national compliance
deadline, but experienced challenges that resulted in delays. TSA and
the Coast Guard implemented a staggered compliance approach whereby
each of 42 regions impacted by TWIC were required to meet TWIC
compliance prior to the national compliance date. Further, based on
lessons learned from its early experiences with enrollment and
activation, and to prepare for an expected surge in TWIC enrollments
and activations as compliance dates approached, TSA and its contractor
increased the number of stations available for TWIC enrollment and
activation. While 93 percent of users were enrolled in TWIC by the
compliance date, TSA data shows that some workers experienced delays in
receiving TWICs. Among reasons for the delays, a power failure in
October 2008 occurred at the government facility that processes TWIC
data. The power failure resulted in credential activations being halted
until late November 2008, and the inability to set new personal
identification numbers (PIN) on 410,000 TWICs issued prior to the power
failure. While TSA officials stated that they are taking steps to
develop a disaster recovery plan by next year and a system to support
disaster recovery by 2012, until such a plan and system(s) are put in
place, TWIC systems remain vulnerable to similar disasters. While the
full cost of this power failure is unknown, based on TSA provided
figures, it could cost the government and industry up to approximately
$26 million to replace all affected TWIC cards.
While TSA has made progress in incorporating management best practices
to execute the TWIC pilot, TSA faces two management challenges in
ensuring the successful execution of the pilot test aimed at informing
Congress and the development of the second TWIC regulation. First, TSA
has faced challenges in using the TWIC pilot schedule to guide the
pilot and accurately identify the pilot‘s completion date. TSA has
improved its scheduling practices in executing the pilot, but
weaknesses remain, such as not capturing all pilot activities in the
schedule, that may adversely impact the schedule‘s usefulness as a
management tool and for communicating with pilot participants in the
maritime industry. Second, shortfalls in TWIC pilot planning have
hindered TSA and Coast Guard‘s efforts to ensure that the pilot is
broadly representative of deployment conditions and will yield the
information needed”such as information on the operational impacts of
deploying biometric card readers and their costs”to accurately inform
Congress and the second rule. This is in part because these agencies
have not developed an evaluation plan that fully identifies the scope
of the pilot and specifies how the information from the pilot will be
analyzed. The current evaluation plans describe data collection methods
but do not identify the evaluation criteria and methodology to be used
in analyzing the pilot data once collected. A well-developed, sound
evaluation plan would help TSA and the Coast Guard determine how the
data are to be analyzed to measure the project‘s performance.
What GAO Recommends:
Among other things, GAO recommends that TSA expedite the development of
contingency and disaster recovery plans and system(s), and TSA and
Coast Guard develop a detailed evaluation plan to help ensure that
needed information on biometrics will result from the pilot. DHS
generally concurred and discussed actions to implement the
recommendations, but these actions will not fully address the intent of
all of the recommendations.
View [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-43] or key
components. For more information, contact Stephen M. Lord at (202) 512-
4379 or lords@gao.gov.
[End of section]
Contents:
Letter:
Background:
TSA, Coast Guard, and the Maritime Industry Implemented a Number of
Measures to Facilitate Enrollment, Activation, and Compliance but
Implementation Efforts Were Affected by the Lack of Planning for
Potential System Failures:
Challenges in Program Scheduling and Evaluation May Hinder the TWIC
Reader Pilot's Usefulness:
Conclusions:
Recommendations for Executive Action:
Agency Comments and Our Evaluation:
Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology:
Appendix II: Key TWIC Implementation Actions:
Appendix III: Phased-In Captain of the Port Zone Compliance Schedule
(Revised February 19, 2009):
Appendix IV: Scheduling Best Practices:
Appendix V: Assessment of the TWIC Pilot against the Potential TWIC
Requirements under Consideration in the March 27, 2009, TWIC Advanced
Notice of Proposed Rulemaking for the Card Reader Rule:
Appendix VI: Comments from the Department of Homeland Security:
Appendix VII: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments:
Tables:
Table 1: TWIC Program Funding from Fiscal Years 2002 to 2009:
Table 2: Three Assessments Planned for TWIC Reader Pilot:
Table 3: Key TWIC Implementation Actions over Time:
Table 4: Phased-In Captain of the Port Zone Compliance Schedule
(Revised February 19, 2009):
Table 5: Scheduling Best Practices:
Table 6: Assessment of Proposed TWIC Requirements under Consideration
in the March 27, 2009, ANPRM for the Card Reader Rule:
Figures:
Figure 1: TWIC Enrollments and Activations over Time:
Figure 2: TSA Progress in Incorporating Best Practices into Pilot
Schedule:
Abbreviations:
ANPRM: Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking:
CMMI: Capability Maturity Model Integration:
DHS: Department of Homeland Security:
FEMA: Federal Emergency Management Agency:
FIPS: Federal Information Processing Standards:
ICE: Initial Capability Evaluation:
ITT: initial technical testing:
MTSA: Maritime Transportation Security Act:
NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology:
OMB: Office of Management and Budget:
PIN: personal identification number:
SAFE Port Act: Security and Accountability For Every Port Act:
TSA: Transportation Security Administration:
TWIC: Transportation Worker Identification Credential:
[End of section]
United States Government Accountability Office:
Washington, DC 20548:
November 18, 2009:
Congressional Requesters:
It is estimated that over 1 million workers, including longshoremen,
mechanics, truck drivers, and merchant mariners, access secure areas of
the nation's estimated 4,000 maritime-related transportation
facilities, such as cargo container and cruise ship terminals, each day
while performing their jobs.[Footnote 1] Securing transportation
systems and facilities requires balancing security to address potential
threats while facilitating the flow of people and goods that are
critical to the U.S. economy and necessary for supporting international
commerce. As we have previously reported, these systems and facilities
are vulnerable and difficult to secure given their size, easy
accessibility, large number of potential targets, and proximity to
urban areas.[Footnote 2]
Within the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the Transportation
Security Administration (TSA) and the U.S. Coast Guard manage the
Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC) program.
[Footnote 3] The TWIC program aims to protect the nation's maritime
transportation facilities and vessels by requiring maritime workers to
complete background checks and obtain a biometric identification card
in order to gain unescorted access to the secure areas of these
facilities and vessels.[Footnote 4] Key aspects of the program include
collecting biographic and biometric information, such as fingerprints,
to validate workers' identities; conducting background checks to ensure
that workers do not pose a security threat; and issuing tamper-
resistant, biometric credentials for use in granting workers unescorted
access to secure areas.[Footnote 5]
TSA's responsibilities include enrolling TWIC applicants, conducting
security threat assessments, and processing workers' appeals to adverse
TWIC qualification decisions. The Coast Guard is responsible for
developing TWIC-related security regulations and ensuring that maritime
facilities and vessels are in compliance with these regulations. A
federal regulation (known as the credential rule) in January 2007 set a
compliance deadline, subsequently extended to April 15, 2009, whereby
each maritime worker was required to hold a TWIC in order to obtain
unescorted access to secure areas of Maritime Transportation Security
Act of 2002 (MTSA) regulated facilities and vessels.[Footnote 6] TSA
and Coast Guard estimated that approximately 1.2 million workers would
use TWICs to access secure areas of maritime vessels and facilities. In
August 2008, a pilot was initiated to test the use of TWICs with
biometric card readers for granting access to maritime facilities and
vessels, and to inform the development of the card reader rule
(regulation) related to the use of these readers.[Footnote 7] In
September 2008, we reported that TSA, Coast Guard, and maritime
industry stakeholders have faced challenges in implementing the TWIC
program, including enrolling and issuing TWICs to a larger population
than was originally anticipated, ensuring that TWIC access control
technologies perform effectively in the harsh maritime environment, and
balancing security requirements with the flow of maritime commerce.
[Footnote 8]
In response to your request, we evaluated TSA and Coast Guard's overall
progress in implementing the TWIC program and addressed the following
questions: (1) To what extent did TSA, the Coast Guard, and the
maritime industry take steps to meet the TWIC compliance date and
address related challenges? and (2) What management challenges, if any,
do TSA, Coast Guard, and DHS face in executing the TWIC pilot test for
informing Congress and the card reader rule?
To identify the steps taken by TSA, the Coast Guard, and the maritime
industry to meet the April 15, 2009, TWIC compliance date, and address
related challenges, we reviewed program documentation on the status of
TWIC enrollment and activation as well as implementation efforts from
both TSA and the Coast Guard. Among other things, this documentation
includes compliance reports compiled by the Coast Guard from facility-
gathered information, TSA's TWIC communication plan for disseminating
information about the TWIC enrollment process and compliance deadlines,
and program management reviews on TWIC enrollment, activation, and
issuance. We analyzed pertinent information including key statutes,
such as MTSA, as amended by the Security and Accountability For Every
(SAFE) Port Act of 2006,[Footnote 9] and related regulations, policies,
and guidance setting out requirements for the TWIC program.[Footnote
10] We also reviewed maritime industry documents, such as TWIC
Stakeholder Communication Committee meeting minutes and reports by the
National Maritime Security Advisory Committee, an advisory council to
DHS. We met with nine associations, the members of which are affected
by the implementation of TWIC, such as the American Association of Port
Authorities--a trade association that represents more than 160 public
port organizations--and the Independent Liquid Terminals Association--
a trade association representing companies with bulk liquid terminals
and above ground storage tank facilities. We also visited four TWIC
enrollment and activation centers and visited and met with officials of
facilities and vessels affected by TWIC across the country. While
information we obtained from these interviews and site visits may not
be generalized across the maritime transportation industry as a whole,
because the facilities, vessels, and enrollment centers we selected are
representative of high and low volume entities in the maritime industry
and the enrollment centers are representative of areas with high
population density, the locations we visited provided us with an
overview of the general progress of the TWIC program, as well as any
potential implementation challenges faced by MTSA-regulated
facilities/vessels, transportation workers, and mariners. Lastly, we
interviewed TWIC program officials from the Coast Guard and TSA--
including the TWIC Program Director--regarding their efforts to
implement the TWIC program. To assess the extent to which TSA planned
for the potential failure of information technology systems supporting
the TWIC program in order to minimize the effects of potential TWIC
system failures, we reviewed TWIC program management reviews and
conducted interviews with TWIC program staff. We compared TSA's efforts
with internal control standards and industry best practices for
contingency planning.[Footnote 11]
To identify and assess the management challenges TSA, the Coast Guard,
and DHS face in executing the TWIC pilot test for informing Congress
and the card reader rule, we reviewed prior GAO reports and testimonies
on the TWIC program issued from December 2004 through September 2008,
key documents related to the TWIC reader pilot, such as the TWIC Pilot
Test and Evaluation Master Plan, the Initial Technical Test Plan, and
the Early Operational Assessment Test Plan.[Footnote 12] We also
reviewed relevant legislation, such as the MTSA, as amended by the SAFE
Port Act. In addition, we met with various officials at DHS and the
Department of Defense to better understand stakeholder contributions
and testing approaches related to the TWIC pilot. To further inform our
review, we conducted site visits or interviews with officials at each
of the seven TWIC pilot sites, and met with local Coast Guard officials
and representatives from 15 stakeholder organizations, including
associations and business owners from industries impacted by TWIC, such
as longshoremen and truck drivers. While information we obtained from
the interviews with stakeholders may not be generalized across the
maritime transportation industry as a whole, because we selected
stakeholders who either represent national associations or who operate
in or access the ports where the TWIC reader pilot will be conducted,
the interviews provided us with information on the views of individuals
and organizations that will be directly impacted by the program. In
assessing the TWIC pilot approach, we reviewed the information obtained
through these endeavors against best practices we identified in program
and project management as well as program evaluation efforts that are
relevant to the TWIC program pilot. These practices were identified
based on a review of (1) guidance issued by the Office of Management
and Budget (OMB);[Footnote 13] (2) our prior work on results oriented
government, program management and evaluation, and regulatory analysis;
[Footnote 14] and (3) literature on program management principles.
[Footnote 15] We also assessed the pilot schedule against relevant best
practices in our Cost Estimating and Assessment Guide to determine the
extent to which it reflects key estimating practices that are
fundamental to having a reliable schedule.[Footnote 16] In addition, we
compared the TWIC Reader Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM)
issued on March 27, 2009, for the card reader rule on using TWICs with
biometric card readers to the pilot's test documentation to assess
whether the pilot test is considering the proposed characteristics
contained in the ANPRM.[Footnote 17] Appendix I contains more detailed
information regarding our scope and methodology.
We conducted this performance audit from July 2008 through November
2009 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing
standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit
to obtain sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable
basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives.
We believe that the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for
our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives.
Background:
TWIC Program History:
The TWIC program was established in response to several pieces of
legislation and subsequent programming decisions. In November 2001, the
Aviation and Transportation Security Act (ATSA)[Footnote 18] was
enacted, which included a provision that requires TSA to work with
airport operators to strengthen access controls to secure areas, and to
consider using biometric access control systems, or similar
technologies, to verify the identity of individuals who seek to enter a
secure airport area. In response to ATSA, TSA established the TWIC
program in December 2001.[Footnote 19] In November 2002, MTSA required
the Secretary of Homeland Security to issue a maritime worker
identification card that uses biometrics to control access to secure
areas of maritime transportation facilities and vessels.[Footnote 20]
TSA and Coast Guard decided to implement TWIC initially in the maritime
domain. In addition, the Security and Accountability For Every (SAFE)
Port Act of 2006 amended MTSA to direct the Secretary of Homeland
Security to, among other things, implement the TWIC pilot project.
[Footnote 21] Appendix II summarizes a number of key activities in the
implementation of the TWIC program.
In August 2006, DHS officials decided, based on significant industry
comment, to implement TWIC through two separate regulations, or rules,
the first of which directs the use of the TWIC as an identification
credential. The card reader rule, currently under development, is
expected to address how the access control technologies, such as
biometric card readers, are to be used for confirming the identity of
the TWIC holder against the biometric information on the TWIC. On March
27, 2009, the Coast Guard issued an ANPRM for the card reader rule.
From fiscal year 2002 through 2009, the TWIC program had funding
authority totaling $286.9 million. Through fiscal year 2009, $111.5
million in appropriated funds, including reprogramming and adjustments,
has been provided to TWIC (see table 1). An additional $151.8 million
in funding was authorized in fiscal years 2008 and 2009 through the
collection of TWIC enrollment fees by TSA, and $23.6 million had been
made available to pilot participants from the Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA) grant programs--the Port Security Grant
Program and the Transit Security Grant Program. In addition, industry
has spent approximately $179.9 million to purchase 1,358,066 TWICs as
of September 24, 2009.[Footnote 22]
Table 1: TWIC Program Funding from Fiscal Years 2002 to 2009 (Dollars
in millions):
Fiscal year: 2002;
Appropriated: 0;
Reprogramming: 0;
Adjustments: 0;
TWIC fee authority[A]: 0;
Federal grant awards related to the TWIC pilot[B]: 0;
Total funding authority: 0.
Fiscal year: 2003;
Appropriated: $5.0;
Reprogramming: 0;
Adjustments: $20;
TWIC fee authority[A]: 0;
Federal grant awards related to the TWIC pilot[B]: 0;
Total funding authority: $25.0.
Fiscal year: 2004;
Appropriated: $49.7;
Reprogramming: 0;
Adjustments: 0;
TWIC fee authority[A]: 0;
Federal grant awards related to the TWIC pilot[B]: 0;
Total funding authority: $49.7.
Fiscal year: 2005;
Appropriated: $5.0;
Reprogramming: 0;
Adjustments: 0;
TWIC fee authority[A]: 0;
Federal grant awards related to the TWIC pilot[B]: 0;
Total funding authority: $5.0.
Fiscal year: 2006;
Appropriated: 0;
Reprogramming: $15.0;
Adjustments: 0;
TWIC fee authority[A]: 0;
Federal grant awards related to the TWIC pilot[B]: $20.9;
Total funding authority: $35.9.
Fiscal year: 2007;
Appropriated: 0;
Reprogramming: $4.0;
Adjustments: $4.7;
TWIC fee authority[A]: 0;
Federal grant awards related to the TWIC pilot[B]: $2.7;
Total funding authority: $11.4.
Fiscal year: 2008;
Appropriated: $8.1;
Reprogramming: 0;
Adjustments: 0;
TWIC fee authority[A]: $42.5;
Federal grant awards related to the TWIC pilot[B]: 0;
Total funding authority: $50.6.
Fiscal year: 2009;
Appropriated: 0;
Reprogramming: 0;
Adjustments: 0;
TWIC fee authority[A]: $109.3;
Federal grant awards related to the TWIC pilot[B]: 0;
Total funding authority: $109.3.
Total:
Appropriated: $67.8;
Reprogramming: $19.0;
Adjustments: $24.7;
TWIC fee authority[A]: $151.8;
Federal grant awards related to the TWIC pilot[B]: $23.6;
Total funding authority: $286.9.
Source: GAO analysis of TWIC program funding reported by TSA and FEMA.
[A] Figures in the TWIC fee authority column represent the dollar
amount TSA is authorized to collect from TWIC enrollment fees and not
the actual dollars collected. For fiscal year 2008, TSA reports to have
collected $41.7 million.
[B] According to TWIC program officials, the Port Authority of New York
and New Jersey as well as the Staten Island Ferry are using the grant
funding received under these programs to support the TWIC pilot as well
as other TWIC-related initiatives. Therefore, TWIC officials do not
have data on how much of the $10.5 million provided to these two grant
recipients for TWIC-related activities will be used for the TWIC pilot.
[End of table]
Key Components of the TWIC Program's Enrollment, Activation, and
Issuance Process:
The TWIC program includes several key components:
* Enrollment: Transportation workers are enrolled by providing
biographic information, such as name, date of birth, and address, and
then photographed and fingerprinted at enrollment centers.
* Background checks: TSA conducts background checks on each worker to
ensure that individuals who enroll do not pose a known security threat.
First, TSA conducts a security threat assessment that may include, for
example, checks of terrorism databases or watch lists, such as TSA's no-
fly list. Second, a Federal Bureau of Investigation criminal history
records check is conducted to determine whether the worker has any
disqualifying criminal offenses. Third, the worker's immigration status
and prior determinations related to mental capacity are checked.
Workers are to have the opportunity to appeal negative results of the
threat assessment or request a waiver in certain circumstances.
* TWIC production: After TSA determines that a worker has passed the
background check, the worker's information is provided to a federal
card production facility where the TWIC is personalized with the
worker's information and sent to the appropriate enrollment center for
activation and issuance for each individual applicant.
* Card activation and issuance: A worker is informed when his or her
TWIC is ready and must return to an enrollment center to select a
personal identification number (PIN) and obtain and activate his or her
card.[Footnote 23] Once a TWIC has been activated and issued, the
worker may present his or her TWIC to security officials when they seek
to enter a secure area, and in the future may use biometric card
readers to verify identity.
Once the card is issued, it is presented at MTSA-regulated facilities
and vessels in order to obtain access to secured areas of these
entities. Current regulation requires that the card at a minimum be
presented for visual inspection.
TSA Is Conducting a Pilot to Test Key TWIC-Related Access Control
Technologies:
In response to our 2006 recommendation and a SAFE Port Act requirement,
TSA initiated a pilot in August 2008[Footnote 24] known as the TWIC
reader pilot, to test TWIC-related access control technologies.
[Footnote 25] This pilot is intended to test the technology, business
processes, and operational impacts of deploying TWIC readers at secure
areas of the marine transportation system. As such, the pilot is
expected to test the viability of selected biometric card readers for
use in reading TWICs within the maritime environment. It is also to
test the technical aspects of connecting TWIC readers to access control
systems. After the pilot has concluded, the results of the pilot are
expected to inform the development of the card reader rule requiring
the deployment of TWIC readers for use in controlling access at MTSA-
regulated vessels and facilities. Based on the August 2008 pilot
initiation date, the card reader rule is to be issued no later than 24
months from the initiation of the pilot, or by August 2010, and a
report on the findings of the pilot 4 months prior, or by April 2010.
To conduct the TWIC reader pilot, during the course of our review TSA
was partnering with the maritime industry at four ports as well as
three vessel operations that are receiving federal grant money for TWIC
implementation.[Footnote 26] The participating grantee pilot sites
include the ports of Los Angeles, California; Long Beach, California;
Brownsville, Texas; and the port authority of New York and New Jersey.
In addition, vessel operation participants include the Staten Island
Ferry in Staten Island, New York; Magnolia Marine Transports in
Vicksburg, Mississippi; and Watermark Cruises in Annapolis, Maryland.
Of these seven grant recipients, the four port grant recipients, with
input from TSA and Coast Guard, have identified locations at the port
where the pilot is to be conducted, such as public berths, facilities,
and vessels.
The TWIC reader pilot, as initially planned, was to consist of three
sequential assessments, with the results of each assessment intended to
inform the subsequent ones. Table 2 below highlights key aspects of the
three assessments.
Table 2: Three Assessments Planned for TWIC Reader Pilot:
Test name: Initial technical testing (ITT);
Description: This assessment is laboratory based and designed to
determine if selected biometric card readers meet TWIC card-reader
specifications.[A] These specifications include technical and
environmental requirements deemed necessary for use in the harsh
maritime environment. At the completion of initial technical testing, a
test report is to be developed to prioritize all problems with readers
based on their potential to adversely impact the maritime
transportation facility or vessel. Based on this assessment, readers
with problems that would severely impact maritime operations were not
to be recommended for use in the next phase of testing.
Test name: Early operational assessment (EOA);
Description: This assessment is to serve as an initial evaluation of
the impact of TWIC reader implementation on the flow of commerce. Key
results to be achieved as part of this assessment include obtaining
essential data to inform development of the card reader rule, assessing
reader suitability and effectiveness, and further refining reader
specifications. As part of this assessment, maritime transportation
facilities and vessels participating in the pilot are to select the
readers they plan to test and install, and test readers as part of the
test site's normal business and operational environment. To conduct
this segment of the pilot, TSA is partnering with maritime
transportation facilities at four ports as well as three vessel
operators. TSA's objective is to include pilot test participants that
are representative of a variety of maritime transportation facilities
and vessels in different geographic locations and environmental
conditions.
Test name: System test and evaluation (ST&E);
Description: Building on the results of the initial technical testing
and the early operational assessment, the system test and evaluation is
intended to evaluate the full impact of maritime transportation
facility and vessel operators complying with a range of requirements
anticipated to be included in the card reader rule. In addition, this
evaluation is expected to establish a test protocol for evaluating
readers prior to acquiring them for official TWIC implementation.
Source: GAO analysis of TSA documentation on the TWIC reader pilot.
[A] TWIC card reader specifications were first published in September
of 2007 and updated on May 30, 2008.
[End of table]
To address possible time constraints related to using the results of
the TWIC pilot to inform the card reader rule, two key changes were
made to the pilot test in 2008. First, TSA and Coast Guard inserted a
round of testing called the Initial Capability Evaluation (ICE) as the
first step of the ITT. The intent of the ICE was to conduct an initial
evaluation of readers and determine each reader's ability to read a
TWIC. Initiated in August 2008, the ICE testing resulted in a list of
biometric card readers from which pilot participants can select a
reader for use in the pilot rather than waiting for the entire ITT to
be completed. Further, the ICE list has been used by TSA and Coast
Guard to help select a limited number of readers for full functional
and environmental testing.[Footnote 27] Second, TSA is no longer
requiring the TWIC reader pilot to be conducted in the sequence
highlighted in table 2. Pilot sites may conduct early operational
assessment and system test and evaluation testing while the initial
technical testing is still under way. Currently, ITT testing by TSA is
underway and pilot sites are concurrently executing Early Operational
Assessment (EOA) testing in varying degrees. Because of the concurrent
test approach, some pilot sites may complete ST&E testing while ITT
testing remains under way.
TSA, Coast Guard, and the Maritime Industry Implemented a Number of
Measures to Facilitate Enrollment, Activation, and Compliance but
Implementation Efforts Were Affected by the Lack of Planning for
Potential System Failures:
TSA, the Coast Guard, and the maritime industry took several steps to
meet the compliance date and address implementation related challenges
in an effort to avoid negatively impacting the flow of commerce, but
experienced challenges in enrolling transportation workers and
activating their TWIC cards. Planning for potential information
technology system failures could have helped address one challenge by
minimizing the effect of a system failure that affected TSA enrollment
and activation efforts. TSA reported enrolling 1,121,461 workers in the
TWIC program, or over 93 percent of the estimated 1.2 million users, as
of the April 15, 2009, deadline. Although no major disruptions to port
facilities or commerce occurred, TSA data shows that some workers
experienced delays in receiving TWICs.
TSA Took Steps to Prepare for a Surge in TWIC Enrollment and
Activations, but Experienced Challenges in Meeting the April 2009
Deadline, Including Those Related to Planning for Potential TWIC System
Failures:
TSA began enrolling maritime workers in the TWIC program in October
2007 through their network of enrollment centers which grew to 149
centers by September 2008. In September 2008 we reported that TSA had
taken steps to confront the challenge of enrolling and issuing TWICs in
a timely manner to a significantly larger population of workers than
was originally anticipated.[Footnote 28] For example, according to TSA
officials, the TWIC enrollment systems were tested to ensure that they
would work effectively and be able to handle the full capacity of
enrollments during implementation. To address issues with the TWIC help
desk, such as calls being abandoned and longer-than-expected call wait
times, TWIC program management reported that it worked with its
contractor to add additional resources at the help desk to meet call
volume demand. Similarly, to counter the lack of access or parking at
enrollment centers at the Port of Los Angeles, TSA's contractor opened
an additional enrollment facility with truck parking access as well as
extended operating hours. In addition, TSA reported that it conducted a
contingency analysis in coordination with the Coast Guard to better
identify the size of its target enrollee population at major ports. For
example, in preparation for meeting enrollment demands at the Port of
Houston, TWIC program officials updated prior estimates of maritime
workers requiring TWICs for access to this port's facilities. Lastly,
TSA embarked in a series of communication efforts designed to help
inform and educate transportation workers about TWIC requirements and
encourage compliance with TWIC. TSA's TWIC communications plan outlines
a series of efforts, such as the use of fliers, Web media, and targeted
presentations, to inform transportation workers and MTSA-regulated
facility/vessel operators. According to TSA officials, the resulting
communication efforts contributed to the high number of TWIC
enrollments and activations by the April 15, 2009, national compliance
date.
Based on lessons learned from its early experiences with enrollment and
activation, TSA and its contractor took steps to prepare for a surge in
TWIC enrollments and activations as local compliance dates approached.
[Footnote 29] For example, as identified in TWIC program documentation
and by port facility representatives, TSA and its contractor increased
enrollment center resources, such as increasing the number of trusted
agents, enrollment stations, and activation stations as needed to meet
projected TWIC user demands.[Footnote 30] TSA and its contractor also
utilized mobile enrollment centers and employed more flexible hours at
enrollment centers in order to accommodate TWIC applicants' needs. For
example, at two of the nation's largest ports, the Ports of Los Angeles
and Long Beach, TSA and its contractor opened a facility dedicated
entirely to TWIC activations in addition to providing additional
trusted agents and extending hours of operation at enrollment
centers.[Footnote 31] As a result of these efforts, TSA reported
enrolling 1,121,461 workers in the TWIC program, or over 93 percent of
the estimated 1.2 million users, by the April 15, 2009, deadline. On
this date, the total number of TWIC cards activated and issued reached
906,956, short of the 1,121,461 million enrollees by 214,505
individuals, or 19 percent. According to TSA officials, TWICs were
available for 129,090, or approximately 60 percent of these
individuals, but had not been picked up by the individual and
activated.[Footnote 32] See figure 1 below for details.
Figure 1: TWIC Enrollments and Activations over Time:
[Refer to PDF for image: multiple line graph]
TWIC dashboard date: 1/30/2008;
Number of TWIC Participants, Enrollments: 69,155;
Cards activated: 14,314.
TWIC dashboard date: 2/27/2008;
Number of TWIC Participants, Enrollments: 120,148;
Cards activated: 24,173.
TWIC dashboard date: 3/27/2008;
Number of TWIC Participants, Enrollments: 185,213;
Cards activated: 43,174.
TWIC dashboard date: 4/24/2008;
Number of TWIC Participants, Enrollments: 244,470;
Cards activated: 72,056.
TWIC dashboard date: 5/29/2008;
Number of TWIC Participants, Enrollments: 317,199;
Cards activated: 117,703.
TWIC dashboard date: 6/26/2008;
Number of TWIC Participants, Enrollments: 361,306;
Cards activated: 170,021.
TWIC dashboard date: 7/31/2008;
Number of TWIC Participants, Enrollments: 414,337;
Cards activated: 232,508.
TWIC dashboard date: 8/28/2008;
Number of TWIC Participants, Enrollments: 469,877;
Cards activated: 292,812.
TWIC dashboard date: 9/26/2008;
Number of TWIC Participants, Enrollments: 527,820;
Cards activated: 347,876.
TWIC dashboard date: 10/31/2008;
Number of TWIC Participants, Enrollments: 617,586;
Cards activated: 405,699.
TWIC dashboard date: 11/21/2008;
Number of TWIC Participants, Enrollments: 674,963;
Cards activated: 432,325.
TWIC dashboard date: 12/22/2008;
Number of TWIC Participants, Enrollments: 763,061;
Cards activated: 529,790.
TWIC dashboard date: 1/30/2009;
Number of TWIC Participants, Enrollments: 883,666;
Cards activated: 655,651.
TWIC dashboard date: 2/26/2009;
Number of TWIC Participants, Enrollments: 969,075;
Cards activated: 737,035.
TWIC dashboard date: 3/26/2009;
Number of TWIC Participants, Enrollments: 1,058,250;
Cards activated: 836,621.
TWIC dashboard date: 4/30/2009;
Number of TWIC Participants, Enrollments: 1,158,770;
Cards activated: 957,501.
TWIC dashboard date: 5/28/2009;
Number of TWIC Participants, Enrollments: 1,213,250;
Cards activated: 1,022,840.
TWIC dashboard date: 6/25/2009;
Number of TWIC Participants, Enrollments: 1,256,050;
Cards activated: 1,096,860.
TWIC dashboard date: 7/23/2009;
Number of TWIC Participants, Enrollments: 1,288,630;
Cards activated: 1,142,460.
Source: GAO analysis of TSA data.
[End of figure]
Although no nationwide problem occurred due to TWIC implementation,
surges of activity occurred that challenged TWIC enrollment and
activation efforts at some locations. For example, at the Port of
Baltimore, Coast Guard and port officials stated that, despite multiple
communications with TSA about instituting a self-imposed early
compliance date, TSA and its contractors were not prepared to handle
the increased enrollment demand brought on by the early
compliance.[Footnote 33] As a result, the local fire marshal visited
the enrollment center when the number of enrollees exceeded the
capacity of the center. In response, TSA and its contractor enhanced
its enrollment center operations in Baltimore--opening an additional
enrollment center at a nearby hotel on the same day--to adapt to the
surge in enrollment and activation. In another case, representatives of
the New York maritime industry reported that the wait time for
employees to receive their TWIC cards following enrollment rose from 6
days to between 6 and 9 weeks as the March 23, 2009, local compliance
date approached for Captain of the Port Zone New York. TWIC users in
New York also reported difficulty accessing records in the online TWIC
database designed as a means for facility operators to verify
enrollment in order to grant interim access to employees who had
enrolled in the TWIC program but who had not yet received their cards.
Furthermore, according to Port of Brownsville and local Coast Guard
officials, the lack of resources at the Brownsville enrollment center
led to long lines at the center once the local compliance date neared.
Additionally, the approach used to notify TWIC applicants that their
TWICs were ready for pick-up also proved problematic for Mexican
workers. Port of Brownsville officials noted that in many cases these
workers have no e-mail and, since many are Mexican citizens, most hold
a cell phone with an international phone number (from Mexico). As a
result, according to Port of Brownsville officials, many of these
enrollees were not adequately notified that their TWIC cards had
arrived and were ready for pick-up and activation.
In addition, thousands of TWIC enrollees experienced delays in
receiving their TWICs for varying reasons. According to TSA officials
and contractor reports, reasons for delayed TWIC issuance included,
among others, TSA's inability to locate enrollment records, problems
with information on the TWIC cards, such as photo quality, problems
with the quality of the manufactured blank cards, and incomplete
applicant information required to complete the security threat
assessment. Further, TWIC enrollees also experienced delays in
obtaining a TWIC because they were initially determined to not be
qualified for a TWIC. According to TSA records, as of July 23, 2009,
almost 59,000 TWIC applicants received initial disqualification letters
and over 30,000 of these applicants appealed the decision questioning
the basis for the initial disqualification decision. Under TSA
implementing regulations, an applicant may appeal an initial
determination of threat assessment if the applicant is asserting that
he or she meets the standards for the security threat assessment for
which he or she is applying. Almost 25,000 (approximately 42 percent of
those receiving initial disqualification letters) of the appeals
resulted in an approval upon subsequent review, which suggests that
some of these delays could have been avoided if additional or corrected
data had been available and reviewed during the original application
process. In addition, about 2,300 of the over 4,800 applicants who
requested waivers from the TWIC disqualifying factors were granted them
upon subsequent review.[Footnote 34]
Advocacy groups, such as the National Employment Law Project (Law
Project), have reported that hundreds of individuals experienced delays
in receiving their TWICs and that individuals have been unable to work
as a result of processing delays at TSA.[Footnote 35] The Law Project
has identified at least 485 transportation workers as of June 2009 who
requested assistance from it in requesting appeals or waivers from TSA
following an initial determination of disqualifying offenses based on
TSA's threat assessment. According to officials at the Law Project, for
the TWIC applications on which they provided assistance and approvals
were granted, it took an average of 213 days between the applicant's
enrollment date and final approval for a TWIC. Furthermore, Law Project
officials noted that applicants they assisted were out of work for an
average of 69 days while waiting for TWIC approval after their port
passed the TWIC compliance date. However, TSA could not confirm the
figures presented by the Law Project officials because TSA does not
track this information in the same format. For example, if a person is
sent a disqualification letter and does not respond within 60 days,
TSA's system does not continue to track the enrollee's file as an open
enrollment waiting to be filled. Rather, TSA closes the file and
considers the person to not have passed the threat assessment.[Footnote
36] According to agency officials, when an applicant contacts TSA after
the 60-day period passes, TSA routinely reopens their case, though not
required to do so, and handles the application until its conclusion.
These types of cases often take time to resolve. Similarly, for those
situations in which enrollees assert that they never received a
disqualification letter and include it as part of the wait time
accounted for, TSA's numbers will differ as well because, according to
TSA officials, they have no way to track whether or not enrollees
receive these letters.
Finally, a power failure on October 21, 2008, occurred at the TWIC data
center at Annapolis Junction, Maryland--a government facility that
processes TWIC data. The power outage caused a hardware component
failure in the TWIC enrollment and activation system for which no
replacement component was on hand. Consequently, data associated with
individual TWICs could not be accessed or processed. As a result of
this failure, (1) credential activations were halted until late
November 2008 and several TWIC compliance dates originally scheduled
for October 31, 2008 were postponed;[Footnote 37] and (2) the failure
affected TSA's ability to reset the PINs (i.e., provide users with new
PINs) on 410,000 TWIC cards issued prior to the power failure.[Footnote
38] Consequently, TSA will have to replace the cards for cardholders
who forget their PINs instead of resetting these PINs. TSA does not
know the full cost implications of the power failure at the data center
because it is unknown how many of the 410,000 TWIC cards will need to
be replaced. Moreover, TSA cannot determine how many of the TWIC cards
need to be replaced until all uses for PINs are identified at
facilities across the country. For example, one use that will affect
the number of TWICs TSA will need to replace is dependent on the number
of MTSA-regulated facilities and vessel operators that will require the
use of PINs to confirm an individual's identity prior to integrating
the user's TWIC into the facility's or vessel's access control system.
Officials from two ports we met with stated that the PIN reset problem
had caused delays in their system enrollment process, as several
enrollees could not remember their PINs and needed to request new
TWICs. As of August 1, 2009, TSA reported that 1,246 individuals had
requested that their TWIC cards be replaced due to TSA's inability to
reset the PINs. While TSA addressed the PIN reset issue by replacing
TWICs free of charge, we estimate that it could cost the government
$24,920[Footnote 39] to issue new cards to these individuals and cost
the industry $54,375[Footnote 40] in lost personal and work
productivity because of time related to the pick-up and activation of
the new TWICs. If all 410,000[Footnote 41] affected TWIC cards need to
be replaced, it could cost the government and industry up to
approximately $26 million.[Footnote 42]
If TSA had planned for a potential TWIC system failure in accordance
with federal requirements in contingency planning and internal control
standards, it might have averted the system failure that occurred in
October 2008.[Footnote 43] Federal guidance includes having an
information technology contingency plan, disaster recovery plan, and
supporting system(s) in place. The type of system failure that TSA
experienced indicates that TSA did not meet federal requirements for
minimal protections for federal systems, which include applying minimum
security controls with regard to protecting the confidentiality,
integrity, and availability of federal information systems and the
information processed, stored, and transmitted by those systems. For
example, TSA did not have an information technology contingency plan or
disaster recovery plan in place to address a potential TWIC system
failure.[Footnote 44] To minimize the effects of losses resulting from
system failures, such plans should provide procedures and capabilities
for recovering a major application or facilitate the recovery of
capabilities at an alternative site. Moreover, TSA did not have the
capabilities or supporting systems in place for recovering the computer
system that houses the TWIC data. Nor did TSA have an alternate
computer system in place to minimize the effects of a TWIC system
failure.
The lack of an approved contingency plan has been a longstanding
concern as identified by the DHS Office of Inspector General. In July
2006 the DHS Inspector General identified that a systems contingency
plan for TWIC had not been approved or tested.[Footnote 45] According
to TWIC program management officials, they did not previously implement
an information technology contingency plan or develop a disaster
recovery plan or supporting system(s) because they did not have funds
to do so. Currently, TSA has no effort underway for implementing a
contingency plan. However, according to TSA senior officials, they
intend to initiate the development of a disaster recovery plan at the
beginning of fiscal year 2010. No documentation has been provided,
however, to illustrate progress in developing a disaster recovery plan.
TSA has, however, identified the lack of a system to support disaster
recovery as a risk and has plans to develop one by 2012. While
preparing to initiate the development of a disaster recovery plan in
the next year and a system to support disaster recovery by 2012 is a
positive step, until such plans and system(s) are put in place, TWIC
systems remain vulnerable to similar disasters.
Coast Guard Strategies Helped Meet Compliance Dates and Minimize
Compliance-Related Issues:
Coast Guard employed strategies to help the maritime industry meet the
TWIC national compliance date while not disrupting the flow of
commerce. The strategies utilized included using rolling compliance
dates and a TWIC temporary equivalency. The TWIC temporary equivalency
included allowing workers to gain entry to secure areas of MTSA-
regulated facilities/vessels for a limited time without a TWIC by
showing proof of, for example, TWIC enrollment and evidence that the
individual requesting access had passed the security threat assessment.
Below are several examples of the Coast Guard's strategies.
* Rolling Compliance Dates. To help ensure that all MTSA-regulated
facilities were in compliance by April 15, 2009, the Coast Guard
required affected facilities to comply with TWIC requirements ahead of
the national compliance date on a staggered basis. (See appendix III
for the TWIC compliance schedule.) According to officials from Coast
Guard, TSA, and DHS, in executing the rolling compliance approach,
Coast Guard required ports with a lower population of TWIC users to
comply first, expecting to learn from experiences at these ports prior
to requiring compliance at ports with larger populations. For example,
the first TWIC deadlines were established for ports in Northern New
England, Boston, and Southeastern New England, where Coast Guard
anticipated a lower population of TWIC users. The largest ports, which
TSA believed would present more of a challenge--the Port of New York
and New Jersey, and the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach--had TWIC
program deadlines of March 23 and April 14, 2009, respectively.
Together, these three ports represent 46 percent of total U.S.
container volume.[Footnote 46]
* TWIC Temporary Equivalency. In accordance with a policy decision,
Coast Guard allowed the use of a TWIC temporary equivalency--or
documentation other than an actual TWIC--for a limited time, prior to
the national compliance date, to allow TWIC applicants who had passed
the security threat assessment access to secure areas of MTSA-regulated
facilities/vessels.[Footnote 47] For example, in Captain of the Port
Zone Corpus Christi, the local TWIC compliance enforcement date was
November 28, 2008. According to a local Coast Guard official, the
sector accepted either the TWIC card or proof that the individual met
the temporary equivalency criteria even though they had yet to receive
an actual TWIC. This approach was in line with the Coast Guard's desire
to ease the administrative burden on maritime workers. Similarly, in
Captain of the Port Zone New York, the Coast Guard authorized MTSA-
regulated facilities to use a temporary equivalency at their discretion
for those individuals in the same situation. Individuals meeting the
criteria described above were eligible to continue to access MTSA-
regulated facilities until April 15, 2009. On April 1, 2009, the Coast
Guard published an update to the policy decision allowing individuals
who had enrolled in the TWIC program but had not received their TWIC to
be eligible for access to facilities in five Captain of the Port Zones
through May 2009 if they met the applicable criteria described above,
which includes passing the TSA background investigation.[Footnote 48]
Similarly, due to card issuance challenges and potential activation
back-logs for mariners, on May 28, 2009, the Coast Guard published a
new policy decision allowing all U.S.-credentialed mariners eligibility
for access to specified U.S. vessels and facilities until July 15,
2009, under similar criteria for the temporary equivalency described
above.
The Coast Guard and port strategies also helped to enroll workers in
the TWIC program by the national compliance date, and helped to
minimize compliance related issues through other strategies. For
example, during the first 3 days of compliance for Captain of the Port
Corpus Christi, from November 28 through 30, 2008, the Coast Guard
conducted 25 spot checks at various facilities, during which they
inspected 550 workers. Of these, 430 (78 percent) had their TWIC cards
and an additional 109 (20 percent) workers were enrolled but had yet to
receive their cards.[Footnote 49] No trucks or employees were denied
access for lack of a TWIC. Similarly, when Captain of the Port Zones
Miami, Key West, and St. Petersburg reached their local compliance date
on January 12, 2009, the Coast Guard conducted spot checks of 890
workers from January 13 through January 15, 2009. Of the 890 workers,
709 (80 percent) possessed TWIC cards, and an additional 164 workers,
or 18 percent, were enrolled but had not received their cards.[Footnote
50]
In addition, during compliance inspections in Captain of the Port Zone
Miami, five cargo facilities were found to be noncompliant. Of the
five, two were brought into compliance immediately upon identification
of the compliance issue with no impact to operations, and three were
ordered to suspend MTSA-related operations until they complied with the
TWIC requirements. As a result of the suspensions, these facilities
could not accept any additional MTSA-regulated vessels until conditions
required by the Captain of the Port were met. The Coast Guard worked
with the three non-compliant facilities and all were cleared to resume
MTSA operations within 2 days. According to one port authority
official, the small number of workers and trucks turned away from ports
and facilities on the various compliance dates may have been
attributable to various factors, such as non-TWIC holders not
attempting to enter port facilities, the impact of reduced port traffic
due to the downturn in the economy, or facilities providing escorts for
non-TWIC holders.
Individual Maritime Ports Employed Different Strategies for Meeting
TWIC Compliance Deadlines:
Maritime ports across the country also implemented different strategies
for meeting their respective TWIC compliance date. Strategies included,
among others, enacting compliance exercises ahead of the scheduled
compliance date to help identify and address any potential
implementation issues that would arise, and requiring a TWIC as part of
meeting other locally mandated requirements, such as obtaining a local
credential that confirms an individual's eligibility to access a port's
facilities.
* While the official local compliance date for Captain of the Port Zone
Baltimore was December 30, 2008, the Maryland Port Administration
announced that a TWIC would be required for unescorted access to all
Maryland Port Administration facilities beginning December 1, 2008, to
help sensitize workers to the need to obtain a TWIC. As a result,
Baltimore officials reported that most potential compliance issues were
addressed in advance of the official local compliance date.
* As of January 15, 2009, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
made the possession of a TWIC a prerequisite for obtaining or renewing
a SeaLink Card--a local credential required by the port authority to
verify which drivers are eligible to access facilities under the port
authority's jurisdiction. According to port authority officials, by the
port's March 23, 2009, local compliance date, over 7,000 of the
estimated 8,000 truck drivers and International Longshoremen's
Association members that conduct ongoing business at the port had met
the requirement. As a result, according to port authority officials,
New York did not experience an interruption to commerce on the March
23, 2009, local compliance date.
* At the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, a clean truck program
required truckers doing business at the port to also obtain a TWIC by
October 1, 2008, in order to participate in the program.[Footnote 51]
As a result, the program requirement helped enroll truck drivers--a
population of concern for TWIC program officials--well ahead of the
national April 15, 2009, compliance date for the two ports.
Challenges in Program Scheduling and Evaluation May Hinder the TWIC
Reader Pilot's Usefulness:
Although TSA has made significant progress in incorporating best
practices into TWIC's schedule for implementing the reader pilot
program, weaknesses continue that limit TSA's ability to use the
schedule as a management tool to guide the pilot and accurately
identify the pilot's completion date. Moreover, developing a sound
evaluation approach for collecting information on the pilot's results
could strengthen DHS's approach to help ensure the information
collected is accurate and representative of deployment conditions.
TSA Has Made Progress Incorporating Best Practices into the TWIC Pilot
Schedule, but Weaknesses Exist That Limit Its Usefulness as a
Management Tool For Guiding the Pilot and Identifying the Pilot's
Completion Date:
As we have previously reported, the success of any program depends in
part on having a reliable schedule that defines, among other things,
when work activities will occur, how long they will take, and how they
are related to one another.[Footnote 52] As such, the schedule is to
not only provide a road map for the systematic execution of a program,
but also provide the means by which to gauge progress, identify and
address potential problems, and promote accountability. Among other
things, best practices and related federal guidance call for a program
schedule to be program-wide in scope, meaning that it should include
the integrated breakdown of the work to be performed by both the
government and its contractors over the expected life of the
program.[Footnote 53] Moreover, best practices in project management
include sharing documents such as the schedule with stakeholders to
attain their buy-in and confirm that the schedule captures the agreed
upon activities, time estimates, and other scheduling elements needed
to meet project objectives.[Footnote 54] Best practices also call for
the schedule to expressly identify and define the relationships and
dependencies among work elements and the constraints affecting the
start and completion of work elements. A well-defined schedule also
helps to identify the amount of human capital and fiscal resources that
are needed to execute a program.
We have identified nine best practices associated with developing and
maintaining a reliable schedule.[Footnote 55] These practices include:
1. capturing all activities--defining in detail the work to be
completed, including activities to be performed;
2. sequencing all activities--listing activities in the order in which
they are to be carried out;
3. assigning resources to all activities--identifying the resources
needed to complete the activities;
4. establishing the duration of all activities--determining how long
each activity will take to execute;
5. integrating all activities horizontally and vertically--achieving
aggregated products or outcomes by ensuring that products and outcomes
associated with other sequenced activities are arranged in the right
order, and dates for supporting tasks and subtasks are aligned;
6. establishing the critical path for all activities--identifying the
path in the schedule with the longest duration through the sequenced
list of key activities;
7. identifying float between activities--using information on the
amount of time that a predecessor activity can slip before the delay
affects successor activities;[Footnote 56]
8. conducting a schedule risk analysis--using statistical techniques to
predict the level of confidence in meeting a project's completion date;
and:
9. updating the schedule using logic and durations to determine the
dates for all activities--continuously updating the schedule to
determine realistic start and completion dates for program activities
based on current information.
See appendix IV for a more detailed explanation of each scheduling
practice. In a memo from the DHS Under Secretary for Management dated
July 10, 2008, DHS endorsed the use of these practices and noted that
DHS would be utilizing them as a "best practices" approach.
TSA has made significant progress during the course of our review in
incorporating best practices into the schedule for implementing the
TWIC pilot program, although weaknesses continue to exist.
Specifically, in response to limitations that we identified and shared
with TSA's program office, the program office developed a new TWIC
pilot integrated master schedule in March 2009, and updated it in April
2009, and again in May 2009. As figure 2 illustrates, the pilot
schedule went from not meeting any of the nine scheduling best
practices in September 2008 to fully addressing one of the practices,
addressing seven practices to varying degrees, and not addressing one
practice. According to TSA program officials, prior to GAO's first
review of the schedule in September 2008, they had not followed best
practices in schedule management because they did not have enough
staffing resources to meet these practices. However, program officials
had not developed a workforce plan to determine the number of resources
needed to carry out the pilot because, according to these officials,
they knew that only two TSA employees and no additional contract staff
would be available to perform this work.[Footnote 57]
Figure 2: TSA Progress in Incorporating Best Practices into Pilot
Schedule:
[Refer to PDF for image: illustrated table]
Best practice: Capturing all activities;
Extent best practices met, September 2008: The program provided no
evidence that satisfies any of the criterion;
Extent best practices met, March 2009: The program provided evidence
that satisfies about half of the criterion;
Extent best practices met, April and May 2009: The program provided
evidence that satisfies about half of the criterion.
Best practice: Sequencing all activities;
Extent best practices met, September 2008: The program provided no
evidence that satisfies any of the criterion;
Extent best practices met, March 2009: The program provided no evidence
that satisfies any of the criterion;
Extent best practices met, April and May 2009: The program provided
complete evidence that satisfies the entire criterion.
Best practice: Assigning resources to all activities;
Extent best practices met, September 2008: The program provided no
evidence that satisfies any of the criterion;
Extent best practices met, March 2009: The program provided evidence
that satisfies a small portion of the criterion;
Extent best practices met, April and May 2009: The program provided
evidence that satisfies a small portion of the criterion.
Best practice: Establishing the duration of all activities;
Extent best practices met, September 2008: The program provided no
evidence that satisfies any of the criterion;
Extent best practices met, March 2009: The program provided evidence
that satisfies about half of the criterion;
Extent best practices met, April and May 2009: The program provided
evidence that satisfies about half of the criterion.
Best practice: Integrating schedule activities horizontally and
vertically;
Extent best practices met, September 2008: The program provided no
evidence that satisfies any of the criterion;
Extent best practices met, March 2009: The program provided evidence
that satisfies about half of the criterion;
Extent best practices met, April and May 2009: The program provided
evidence that satisfies a large portion of the criterion.
Best practice: Establishing the critical path for all activities;
Extent best practices met, September 2008: The program provided no
evidence that satisfies any of the criterion;
Extent best practices met, March 2009:
Extent best practices met, April and May 2009: The program provided
evidence that satisfies a large portion of the criterion.
Best practice: Identifying float between activities;
Extent best practices met, September 2008: The program provided no
evidence that satisfies any of the criterion;
Extent best practices met, March 2009: The program provided no evidence
that satisfies any of the criterion;
Extent best practices met, April and May 2009: The program provided
evidence that satisfies a large portion of the criterion.
Best practice: Conducting a schedule risk analysis;
Extent best practices met, September 2008: The program provided no
evidence that satisfies any of the criterion;
Extent best practices met, March 2009: The program provided no evidence
that satisfies any of the criterion;
Extent best practices met, April and May 2009: The program provided no
evidence that satisfies any of the criterion.
Best practice: Updating schedule using logic and durations to determine
dates;
Extent best practices met, September 2008: The program provided no
evidence that satisfies any of the criterion;
Extent best practices met, March 2009: The program provided evidence
that satisfies a small portion of the criterion;
Extent best practices met, April and May 2009: The program provided
evidence that satisfies a small portion of the criterion.
Source: GAO.
[End of figure]
The four areas where TSA's schedule made the most improvement toward
addressing the technical aspects of scheduling best practices include
(1) sequencing all activities; (2) integrating schedule activities
horizontally and vertically; (3) establishing the critical path for all
activities; and (4) identifying float between activities. For example,
in sequencing all activities, the activities identified in the schedule
were linked to a single end milestone and pilot sites are no longer
scheduled to finish submitting pilot test data on a federal holiday,
December 25, 2009--Christmas Day. Furthermore, with regard to
integrating the schedule horizontally and vertically, activities
contained at different levels of the schedule can now be viewed in
relation to each other. In addition, the schedule now identifies a
critical path, which is useful for determining which activities are
critical for meeting the pilot's completion date. Finally, the float
time identified--or amount of time an activity can be delayed before
affecting the project finish date--improved, allowing for a better
assessment of the time that each activity can slip before the delay
affects the project finish date. For example, one activity in the
schedule went from having 249 days of float identified to 59.
While TSA has improved its technical application of program scheduling
practices on the TWIC reader pilot program, as of May 2009, weaknesses
remain that may adversely impact its usefulness as a management tool
and presenting clear insight as to the progress in each phase of the
pilot assessment. Weaknesses exist in the following areas:
* Capturing all activities. The schedule does not accurately reflect
all key pilot activities. For the TWIC pilot, there is no centralized,
consolidated document, such as a statement of work, that captures all
key activities and can be referred to in order to help assure all
intended activities are completed and outcomes achieved for each phase
of the pilot testing. While TSA officials acknowledge that each pilot
site may take different steps in preparing for and executing the pilot,
they said that the assumption applied in developing the schedule is
that similar steps are being taken at each site even though each pilot
has adopted varying approaches. Moreover, contrary to best practices in
program management, the schedule has not been shared with and reviewed
by key stakeholders at the pilot sites to capture the varying
conditions, or pilot related activities, at each site.[Footnote 58] Key
stakeholders at the pilot sites would, for example, be able to (1)
identify areas that did or did not appropriately describe the full
scope of their efforts; (2) identify how the activities at their pilot
sites would enable or hinder meeting the activities identified by TSA;
and (3) validate the activities identified by TSA and durations of the
activities. For example, the schedule included having each pilot site
complete an environmental related review.[Footnote 59] To ensure
consistency with federal environmental and historic preservation
policies and laws, it is FEMA's policy to require, for example,
environmental reviews of each pilot participant in order to receive
federal grant funding. However, depending on the level of review to be
conducted, it may require more or less effort, or activities, from each
grant participant and FEMA to complete. However, the pilot schedule
does not account for the activities required to meet the FEMA required
environmental reviews or consistently capture the amount of time such
reviews would take relative to the level of review to be conducted.
Without capturing all activities, TSA's schedule will be inaccurate,
thus, hindering its usefulness as a management tool for guiding the
pilot and measuring progress.
* Assigning resources to all activities. The current schedule does not
fully identify the resources needed to do the work or their
availability. For example, the schedule does not identify the labor,
material costs, and other direct costs needed to complete key
activities. Instead, resources are assigned to activities at the
organization level (e.g., TSA, Vendor). TSA officials stated that they
do not have complete information on or control over the required
resources because TSA does not "own the resources" since pilot
activities are completed by non-DHS participants, and some funding is
provided through FEMA's Port Security and Transit Security Grant
programs. However, this should not preclude the TWIC program office
from gaining an understanding of what the overall resource requirements
are for completing the work. Individual stakeholders, such as pilot
participants, could in part be the source of this information.
Moreover, while TSA expressed concern over their ability to identify
resources for the pilot in the schedule, officials at pilot sites told
us that they had trouble planning for the pilot and allocating
resources because they did not fully understand what the pilot was to
entail, therefore making it difficult to effectively plan for and
identify the needed resources.
* Establishing the duration of all activities. The pilot schedule
includes duration figures (that is, information on how long each
activity is expected to take to perform), but they may not be reliable.
According to TSA officials, target dates are discussed with
participants for some activities, such as when to start a phase of
testing. However, since the pilot program implementation schedule, or
relevant segments of the schedule, and related updates are not shared
with the pilot participants, it is not clear if the durations TSA's
program office associated to each activity are realistic or up-to-date.
For example, nearly 86 percent (259 of the 302 activities) of the
activities identified in the schedule are based on a 7-day calendar
that does not account for weekends or holidays. While normal operations
at pilot sites may occur on a 7-day schedule, resources for conducting
pilot activities such as installing readers and associated
infrastructure such as cables and computers or analyzing the results of
pilot data may not be available on the weekend. By using a 7-day
schedule, the schedule inaccurately represents approximately 28 percent
more days per year being available to conduct certain work than is
actually available. Best practices in project management include having
stakeholders agree with project plans, such as the schedule.[Footnote
60] Because the schedule is not shared with the individual pilots,
responsible pilot officials have not been afforded the opportunity to
comment on the viability of the 7-day schedule given available
resources. Therefore, pilot participants may not have the resources,
such as employees available to work on weekends, in order to meet pilot
goals. As such, if an activity is defined as taking 60 days, or
approximately 2 months using a 7-day calendar, the reality may be that
participants work a 5-day work week and as a result the activity takes
approximately 3 months to complete--1 month longer than scheduled.
TSA program management officials told us that they believe the impact
of using a 7-day versus 5-day calendar is minimal since they understand
their key milestones and are committed to meeting the dates they
established. Moreover, according to TSA officials, while knowledge of
when a task would be completed is important to TSA's management of the
pilot, the level of effort (e.g., number of hours) required by the
grantees or their contractors to complete the work is not. However, not
having a full understanding of how long activities will take to
complete has already had an adverse impact on the resource allocation
at the Port of Brownsville pilot site. Port officials in Brownsville
told us that to meet the date for initiating pilot testing, their
contractors had to work unplanned hours to install electrical wiring
and fiber optic communication cable needed for the TWIC readers to
work. The contractor stated that this required overtime pay, a resource
expenditure that was not planned. Therefore, although program
management officials may have insight into the schedule using the 7-day
approach, the cumulative effect of planning multiple activities to be
completed on non-workdays increases the risk that activities will not
be completed on time with available resources. Since pilot participants
are working on a 5-day schedule, there is a greater risk that key
program milestones will not be met, thereby perpetuating inaccuracies
in the schedule, and reducing its usefulness as a management and
communication tool for ensuring that activities are completed as TSA
intended.
* Conducting a schedule risk analysis. TWIC program officials have not
performed a schedule risk analysis for the pilot schedule because they
do not believe it to be necessary. For the TWIC pilot, a schedule risk
analysis could enable the program to model "what if" scenarios as to
when and if locations such as Long Beach will complete their
preliminary work and the effects that schedule changes, if any, might
have on meeting the pilot reporting goal. A schedule risk analysis
could also help facilitate detailed discussions between the TWIC
program office at TSA and the individual pilot locations regarding task
durations and expected progress. This is especially relevant for the
TWIC pilot given that the schedule does not clearly articulate all of
the tasks that need to be completed to carry out the pilot, or changes
that may result due to the availability of funding. For example,
according to TSA officials and one pilot participant, such changes
included delays in FEMA's approval of pilot participants' award
contracts to allow the grantees to expend grant funds. In any program
that lacks a schedule risk analysis, it is not possible to reliably
determine a level of confidence for meeting the completion date.
* Updating the schedule using logic and durations to determine the
dates for all key activities. The pilot schedule is missing several
elements needed to reliably use logic and durations to continuously
update the schedule and determine revised dates for all key activities.
Implementing this practice is reliant upon other scheduling practices,
such as capturing all activities, assigning resources to all
activities, and establishing the duration of all activities. However,
the TWIC pilot schedule has not yet fully addressed each of these
practices. Thus, schedule updates may not result in reliable dates.
Moreover, the current schedule includes date anomalies, such as
identifying tasks yet to be started as already having started, and
includes 18 activities scheduled in the past for which no actual start
date has been identified. For example, the schedule indicates that
three activities at the Staten Island pilot site have started on a
future date yet to occur. These anomalies indicate the presence of
questionable logic in the schedule.
Contrary to best practices in program management, as of August, 2009,
TSA had not shared the pilot schedule, or at least relevant segments of
the schedule, with pilot participants--all key stakeholders whose buy-
in--that is commitment and resources--is needed to ensure that pilot
goals and time frames are met.[Footnote 61] Benefits of sharing the
schedule with stakeholders include, for example, confirming the
activities needed to complete the pilot, associated resources, activity
durations, the viability of attaining milestone dates, and potential
risks for schedule slippages. Furthermore, the schedule can serve as a
valuable communication tool by helping stakeholders in their individual
planning efforts. According to TSA officials, they do not see the value
in providing the schedule to pilot participants because it contains too
much information. Further, TSA officials told us that they have not
shared the schedule with pilot participants due to concerns about
sensitive information related to when the pilot results will be
provided for congressional review. Lastly, TSA is also concerned that
the pilot participants will not have the tools, such as Microsoft
Project, available to read and understand the schedule. However,
sharing the schedule with pilot participants in a format readable by
all can be accomplished using tools such as email or by providing
participants with a paper copy. Moreover, to overcome sensitivity
issues, TSA could provide participants with the segment of the schedule
applicable to the pilot participant and separately inform them of their
impact on the overall schedule. Furthermore, having pilot participants,
as stakeholders, confirm the viability of key dates and duration of
activities, and illustrating the impacts that schedule slippages on any
one activity can have on meeting pilot goals and reporting deadlines,
can enhance collaboration and communication, help participants in their
individual planning efforts, and help minimize future schedule
slippages. Without doing so, TSA runs the risk of continuing to manage
the program based on an unreliable schedule, further delaying the
development of the card reader rule and implementation of the TWIC
program with biometric card readers. Since September 2008, TSA has
revised its schedule for completing the TWIC reader pilot from October
13, 2009, to a year later, October 4, 2010. Consequently, TSA's current
schedule indicates that they will not meet the April 2010 deadline for
reporting to Congress on the results of the TWIC reader pilot.
DHS Does Not Have a Sound Evaluation Approach to Ensure Information
Collected to Inform Congress and the Card Reader Rule Is Complete,
Accurate, and Representative of Deployment Conditions:
Shortfalls in TWIC pilot planning have presented a challenge for TSA
and Coast Guard in ensuring that the pilot is broadly representative of
deployment conditions, and will yield the information needed to inform
Congress and a card reader rule aimed at defining how TWICs will be
used with biometric card readers. This is in part because an evaluation
plan that fully identifies the scope of the pilot and the methodology
for collecting and analyzing the information resulting from the pilot
has not been developed. Agency officials told us that no such
evaluation plan was developed because they believe that the existing
pilot documentation coupled with subject matter expertise would be
sufficient to guide the pilot and no evaluation plan is needed.
However, our review of the TWIC pilot highlights weaknesses that could
be rectified by the development of an evaluation plan.
In informing the card reader rule, the TWIC reader pilot is to, among
other things, test the technology, business processes, and operational
impacts required to deploy card readers at secure areas of the marine
transportation system.[Footnote 62] Specifically, the testing is to
assess how the TWIC performs when used in conjunction with biometric
card readers and systems at maritime facilities and vessels, how the
technology performs when used as part of the pilot sites' normal
business processes, and to help identify the operational impacts of
deploying biometric card readers based on these locations. The pilot
results are to help identify the actions necessary to ensure maritime
facilities and vessels can comply with the TWIC regulation that is
currently being drafted known as the card reader rule.[Footnote 63] In
informing the card reader rule, the pilot is also expected to provide
information needed for developing the regulatory analysis required by
the Office of Management and Budget as part of the rulemaking
process.[Footnote 64] The regulatory analysis is to demonstrate that
examinations of the most efficient alternatives were considered and an
evaluation of the costs and benefits--or impacts--to be borne by the
government, private sector, and population at large as a result of the
regulation were considered.
Consistent with best practices in project management[Footnote 65] and
our guide for designing evaluations,[Footnote 66] in November 2008, we
reported that pilot programs can more effectively inform future program
rollout when an evaluation plan is developed to guide consistent
implementation of the pilot and analysis of the results.[Footnote 67]
At a minimum, a well-developed, sound evaluation plan contains several
key elements, including (1) clear objectives, (2) standards for pilot
performance, (3) a clearly articulated methodology, and (4) a detailed
data analysis plan. Incorporating these elements can help ensure that
the implementation of a pilot generates performance information needed
to make effective management decisions.
In planning for and designing the TWIC pilot, DHS--including TSA, Coast
Guard, and its Science and Technology Directorate--developed a test and
evaluation master plan consisting of several documents.[Footnote 68]
Together, the TWIC pilot documents address key evaluation plan elements
to varying degrees. These documents are useful for identifying planned
data collection methods. However, addressing several shortfalls in
their planning efforts--such as omissions in the planning methodology
and the absence of a data analysis plan to help guide information
collection efforts--could strengthen the usefulness of the information
collected through the pilot. The following discusses the extent to
which key elements are addressed in the TWIC pilot program
documentation.
Clear objectives. TWIC pilot documentation identified general program
objectives, referred to as the program goals. TWIC program objectives
include (1) conducting tests of biometric card readers and the
credential authentication and validation process to evaluate the reader
specification; and (2) testing the technology, business processes, and
operational impacts required to deploy TWIC readers on facilities and
vessels prior to issuing a final rule. The objectives, as stated,
articulate the key goals for the pilot. Identifying clear objectives
for an evaluation can help ensure that the appropriate evaluation data
are collected and that performance can be measured against the
objectives.
Performance standards. TSA in conjunction with the Coast Guard
developed standards for determining performance for the TWIC pilot, but
the standards do not fully address important aspects of the pilot
assessment, such as those needed to assess the business and operational
impacts of using TWIC with biometric card readers. For example, the
master plan identifies some operational performance requirements, such
as a minimum reliability threshold, that the card reader is to meet.
The plan also identifies technical requirements readers are to meet,
such as meeting specific biometric standards or, for example,
transaction times. However, the performance standards mostly focus on
technology and do not fully identify standards for the business and
operational circumstances that using TWIC with biometric card readers
will demand. Business and operational circumstances include, for
example, the experience a worker will have when attempting to access a
secure area of a MTSA-regulated facility, additional steps a worker may
need to take to successfully enter a facility, or changes to business
processes to accommodate the use of TWIC with readers. Neither the
master plan nor subsequent test plans identify performance standards
for assessing business and operational performance. For example, there
is no test for when a user presents a valid but non-functioning TWIC at
an access-control point, and assessing the impact of that scenario on
the flow of commerce. TSA officials stated that they had not included
this test in the pilot but would consider adding it and others we
identified as part of their pilot test. In addition, DHS noted that
they expect to identify the business and operational impacts that occur
during respective phases of the pilot. While identifying and collecting
information on activities as they occur during a pilot can enhance the
amount of data collected, incorporating criteria that fully address
important aspects of the pilot assessment could strengthen DHS's
efforts in determining to what extent the piloted methods are
effective.
Clearly articulated evaluation methodology. The methodology for
evaluating the TWIC pilot is not fully defined and documented, does not
account for differences in pilot design, may not be representative of
future plans that individual port facilities have for using TWIC, and
does not provide for testing some of the known requirements under
consideration for inclusion in the card reader rule. Thus, such
weaknesses may adversely impact the sufficiency and reliability of the
information collected from the pilot.[Footnote 69]
* The unit of analysis for conducting the pilot, pilot site selection
criteria, and the sampling methodology are not fully defined and
documented. The unit of analysis--or the level at which the analysis is
to be conducted--had not been defined prior to selecting the facilities
and vessels to participate in the TWIC pilot. Specifically, while TSA
and Coast Guard intended the unit of analysis to be focused on secure
areas, they did not determine whether analysis of pilot test results
would be conducted at the port level, facility/vessel level, or the
access control point level. As we have previously reported, defining
the unit of analysis for any evaluation is particularly important
because the results from such an effort will vary depending on this.
[Footnote 70] With regard to the TWIC pilot, the pilot's assessment
could focus on many different units of analysis. For example, the pilot
could be designed to assess the results at a more aggregate level, such
as accessing a secured area in its entirety, such as an entire port,
facility or vessel. Or, the pilot could focus on the use of readers
based on a particular function, such as at trucking lanes or at
entranceways for boarding a cruise liner. When designing an evaluation,
such as a pilot, it is important to define the unit of analysis and how
it may be aggregated at an early stage. This increases the likelihood
that the information collected is representative of the information
needed for evaluation and can be used to project similar experiences
elsewhere. Moreover, as we have previously reported, confronting data
collection analysis issues during the design stage may lead to a
reformulation of the questions to be addressed as part of an evaluation
to ones that can be answered within the time and resources available.
[Footnote 71]
TSA officials told us that no specific unit of analysis, site selection
criteria, or sampling methodology was developed or documented prior to
selecting the facilities and vessels to participate in the TWIC pilot.
According to TSA officials, they did, however, take the following
factors into account when selecting grant recipients to participate in
the pilot: (1) the TSA Deputy Secretary suggested including the ports
of Los Angeles and Long Beach because they are large volume operations;
(2) the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was selected because
of weather conditions and the great mix of traffic (e.g., cargo
containers, bulk commodities, and passenger vessels); and (3) the Port
of Brownsville was considered because it was in the Gulf region of the
United States and it represents a smaller port.[Footnote 72] While
these general factors were used for selecting the grant recipients to
participate in the pilot, the selection factors did not take all
evaluation factors into account, such as ensuring that certain types of
facilities with specified risk rankings would be selected at each port
to facilitate the comparison of pilot results between the different
locations. According to TSA officials, they did not identify more
specific selection criteria based on the unit of analysis to be
evaluated because they believed the factors that they did consider
would produce the breadth of maritime operations needed to conduct the
pilot. Further, they stated that they could meet evaluation needs by
subsequently identifying facilities and vessels at the pilot sites by
the type of business they represented (i.e., container facility, liquid
storage facility).
However, the pilot documentation does not identify if and how the
operations of facilities and vessels at one pilot site are to be
compared with those at another site or how the pilot or subsequent
evaluation approach is to compensate for the additional factors. For
example, additional factors that may impact the ability to compare
different sites may include the size of the operation or business
processes in place. Moreover, according to TSA officials, they now
believe that because TSA and Coast Guard had to rely on volunteer MTSA-
regulated facilities and vessels to participate in the pilot, they were
limited in their ability to ensure the adequacy of the number and type
of selected facilities and vessels for the pilot. The pilot
documentation, however, does not yet identify perceived shortcomings
with the selected pilot participants, methods for compensating for
perceived shortcomings, or evaluation methods to be used to ensure data
collected at pilot sites will be comparable and will be representative
of the experience of implementing TWIC with biometric card readers
across the nation. Further, the documentation does not identify the
unit of analysis, define how data are to be analyzed, or how the pilot
results are to be compared or contrasted between types of locations,
facilities/vessels, or functions. The lack of planning documentation
makes it difficult to judge the basis for pilot selection, related
constraints, or the extent to which corrective actions have been
subsequently applied to compensate for the earlier constraints. Given
that the existing evaluation plan documentation does not identify the
unit of analysis, define how data are to be analyzed, or how the pilot
results are to be compared or contrasted between types of locations,
facilities/vessels, or functions, there is a risk that the selected
pilot sites and test methods will not result in the information needed
to understand the impacts of TWIC nationwide.
* Differences in pilot designs are not accounted for. The pilot test
and evaluation documentation does not identify how differences in
individual pilot site designs and resulting variances in the
information collected from each pilot site are to be assessed. This has
implications for both the technology aspect of the pilot as well as the
business and operational aspect. For instance:
While TSA is applying some controls over the technologies tested at
individual pilot sites, it has not identified how the pilot is to
compensate for the different technologies tested at each site. For
example, as part of its initial capability evaluation, TSA tested a
select number of readers to ensure they met certain performance
parameters. Furthermore, pilot participants were asked to choose
readers that passed the initial capability evaluation. While TSA
controlled the population of readers pilot participants could select
from, it did not control for alterations made to readers at pilot sites
to optimize reader performance or differences in the computers,
software, or access control systems with which pilot sites are
integrating TWIC readers. Thus, it will be difficult for TSA and the
Coast Guard to extrapolate how the use of TWIC-related technologies
will be expected to impact the maritime environment as a whole without
applying compensating strategies to control for variances to some of
these variables. For instance, by not controlling for key variables,
such as how a particular site integrates readers with its existing
access control system, pilot results may show that a delay related to
the use of biometric card readers was incurred, but not appropriately
identify the root cause of the delay (e.g., the reader itself or the
integration approach).
Business and operational processes and pilot approaches are not the
same at each pilot site and a methodology for compensating for the
differences has not been developed, thereby complicating the assessment
of the results. For example, officials at the Port of Los Angeles said
they intend to test all access points at the three MTSA-regulated
facilities participating in the pilot test. In contrast, the testing
approach at the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey currently
includes testing one function at different facilities--such as testing
a TWIC reader at 2 of 31 truck lanes at one facility and testing a
turnstile in a high volume location at a different facility--instead of
all access points at each facility. Further, testing at each port will
not necessarily coincide with the time of year with the highest volume
of cargo or the environmental conditions for which the pilot sites were
selected (e.g., New York in the cold winter months, Brownsville, Texas,
during the hottest and most humid months). Without a methodology for
compensating for these differences, the information collected may not
be comparable or captured in a manner that can be aggregated to assess
the impact of TWIC reader deployment on maritime commerce across the
nation. According to DHS officials, they understand that this and other
limitations exist with the pilot. However, they have decided to proceed
with the pilot in this manner, collecting whatever information they can
instead of all the information that is needed, because of funding
issues. These funding issues include not having the resources to test
for every situation they would like and not having control over how
pilot participants use the dollars available for the pilot. However,
pilot planning documentation does not identify the resources needed to
conduct testing for the additional situations, the additional
situations TSA and DHS would like to test for, or the testing that will
not occur because of insufficient resources. Moreover, TSA and FEMA do
have some controls in place to ensure participants use some of the
grant funds for the pilot. For instance, as part of the grant process,
pilot participants submitted investment justifications to FEMA for
approval which were reviewed and approved by FEMA. TSA was provided a
copy of each justification and both TSA and Coast Guard reviewed the
grantees' plans. Furthermore, pilot participants must submit budget and
expenditure reports. Given these steps in the grant management process
and coordination between FEMA and TSA, DHS could exert some control
over how participants use the dollars available for the pilot.
* Pilot site test designs may not be representative of future plans for
using TWIC. Pilot participants are not necessarily using the
technologies and approaches they intend to use in the future when TWIC
readers are implemented at their sites. In accordance with best
practices, pilots should be performed in an environment that is
characteristic of the environment present in a broadscale
deployment.[Footnote 73] However, officials at two of the seven pilot
sites told us that the technology and processes expected to be in place
during the pilot will likely not be the same as will be employed in the
post pilot environment, thereby reducing the reliability of the
information collected at pilot locations. For example, officials we
spoke with at one pilot site told us that, during the pilot, the site
intends to use a hand held reader solution, but plans to install fixed
readers requiring an additional investment in technology infrastructure
after the pilot is complete. They are taking this approach because they
want to participate in the pilot, but do not want to invest heavily in
a solution for the pilot that may not work. As a result of this
approach, the information collected from this pilot participant will
not be representative of the technology, processes, and cost impacts
that implementation of TWIC with biometric card readers will have at
the location. Moreover, use of the results captured from this pilot
site may hinder the reliability of impact projections made based on
this information. Officials at a third pilot site told us that they are
using the cheapest solution possible for the pilot because they do not
believe that the use of TWIC will ultimately be applicable to them.
They said that they would, however, select a different approach if they
were likely to have to implement the use of TWIC with biometric card
readers.
* The pilot methodology is not analyzing or testing some of the
potential requirements under consideration for inclusion in the card
reader rule. On March 27, 2009, the Coast Guard published the Advanced
Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) for the card reader rule.
[Footnote 74] The ANPRM identifies the requirements under
consideration, as defined by the Coast Guard, for deploying TWIC
readers at MTSA-regulated facilities and vessels that would be
potentially included in the card reader rule on using TWICs with
biometric card readers. As such, the ANPRM presents some of the
technology, business, and operational requirements that are being
considered in developing the card reader rule. Moreover, they represent
potential costs and benefits--or impacts--to be borne by the
government, private sector, and population at large as a result of the
regulation being considered. As such, they are representative of the
characteristics that should be included in conducting the TWIC pilot to
help ensure that maritime facilities and vessels for which the rule
will apply can fully comply with the TWIC rule. However, our review of
the ANPRM against the pilot documentation found that the pilot does not
address or test some requirements under consideration for the card
reader rule.[Footnote 75]
Of the 27 potential requirements contained in the ANPRM that we
assessed, 6 (22 percent) were being tested in the pilot, 10 (37
percent) were partially being tested, and 11 (41 percent) were not
being tested (see appendix V for more detail). For example, one
potential requirement in the ANPRM is that owners and operators of
facilities in the highest risk group may require PINs as an additional
level of security.[Footnote 76] However, the pilot does not test the
use of PINs and the associated impacts the use of PINs could have on
access control processes, such as increased waiting times for accessing
secure areas or shipping delays. Similarly, another potential
requirement being considered in the ANPRM but not tested for in the
pilot includes requiring that those owners and operators using a
separate physical access control system identify how they are
protecting personal identity information. However, the pilot does not
test for the impacts of added security on systems to prevent the
disclosure of personal identity information. Such impacts could
include, for example, a slow down of system speed for processing a TWIC
holder and costs associated with ensuring the actual security of the
information maintained in a system. Both of these potential
requirements, if implemented, could have operational, technical, and
cost implications for maritime commerce.
TSA officials told us that they plan to use the results of our analysis
to help them identify additional requirements for testing in the pilot.
According to Coast Guard officials, they did not assess each
requirement under consideration in the ANPRM against the TSA test
documents. Instead, they assessed selected requirements identified in
the summary table in the ANPRM.[Footnote 77] They said that they plan
to supplement the information the pilot provides with data from other
sources. While supplementing the information collected can be
beneficial, designing the pilot to collect the most information
possible about those requirements under consideration for the card
reader rule could enhance TSA and Coast Guard's understanding of the
viability of certain requirements and related limitations.
Detailed data analysis plan. TSA has not developed a detailed data
analysis plan to describe how the collected data is to be used to track
the program's performance and evaluate the effectiveness of using TWIC
with biometric card readers. Moreover, the available plans do not
identify the criteria, methodology, unit of analysis, and overall
approach to be used in analyzing the pilot data to ensure that the
needed information will result from the pilot. As we previously
reported, a detailed analysis plan is a key feature of a well-
developed, sound evaluation plan as it sets out who will do the
analysis and when and how the data is to be analyzed to measure the
pilot project's performance.[Footnote 78] Because the information from
the pilot is to be used to identify the impact of using TWICs with
biometric card readers at maritime facilities and inform the card
reader rule (including the related regulatory analysis), a detailed
data analysis plan could help ensure that the implementation of the
pilot generates performance information needed to make effective
management decisions. Without such a plan, it will be difficult for TSA
and Coast Guard to validate the results from the pilot and ensure the
accuracy and use of the information. Consequently, the resulting
information may not allow others--such as Congress or external parties
affected by the regulation--to independently assess the results and
make conclusions about the impacts--including costs and benefits--of
implementing TWIC with biometric card readers.
Because the pilot may not provide all of the information needed for
implementing the card reader rule and supporting regulatory analysis,
Coast Guard officials told us that they would be supplementing the data
collected from the TWIC pilot after the pilot is completed rather than
adjusting the pilot approach to collect the information. According to
Coast Guard officials, they plan to supplement TWIC pilot data by using
techniques allowable under federal guidance for developing assessments
in support of a federal regulation.[Footnote 79] We agree that
following the federal guidance should help inform the development of
the card reader rule. However, TSA and Coast Guard officials have not
identified how information collected outside of the pilot is to be used
as part of the evaluation methodology. As we have previously reported,
defining what data is needed and how the data is to be used and
assessed as part of an evaluation plan can help to ensure information
needs are met and properly considered.[Footnote 80] TSA and Coast Guard
could, for example, augment the information collected from the pilot by
leveraging information from other ports that are already or are about
to begin using TWICs with biometric card readers. Augmenting the pilot
with information from other facilities and vessels that have already
implemented TWICs with biometric card readers could help TSA and the
Coast Guard meet pilot objectives, and help ensure the pilot
effectively informs the card reader rule. By identifying the additional
information to be collected along with its source, as well as defining
the approach for how the information will be used and compared, TSA and
Coast Guard can strengthen their efforts to inform the card reader
rule.
Conclusions:
TSA has made significant progress in enrolling, activating, and issuing
TWICs. As of September 2009, over 1.3 million maritime transportation
workers have been enrolled and over 1.1 million TWICs have been
activated. Consequently, the enrollment and activation phase of the
program for meeting the national compliance date of April 15, 2009, has
reached completion. However, the data acquired from workers during this
phase of the program and in the future needs to be adequately
maintained so that the program can continue uninterrupted and the
security aspects of the program can be realized. Since the TWIC system
has already failed once--disabling TSA's ability to reset PINs on TWICs
and causing delays in the enrollment of workers and the activation of
cards--an approved information technology contingency plan, disaster
recovery plan, and supporting system(s) for the computers that store
TWIC-related data could help ensure the program's continuity and
effectiveness. While the DHS Inspector General identified the lack of
an approved contingency plan in 2006, no steps have been taken to
develop such a plan. TSA officials stated that they are planning to
develop a disaster recovery plan in fiscal year 2010 and disaster
recovery system by 2012. However, until a contingency plan for TWIC
systems, including a disaster recovery plan and supporting system(s) as
needed are put in place, TWIC systems remain vulnerable.
The potential security benefit of the TWIC program will not be fully
realized until maritime transportation facilities install biometric
card readers and integrate them with the facilities' access control
systems. The pilot test, intended to inform this phase of the program
and the regulation on the use of the card readers in the future, has a
number of weaknesses that could negatively affect its rigor and timely
completion. Specifically, weaknesses in the pilot schedule limit its
usefulness as a management tool for executing the pilot, monitoring its
progress, and determining the pilot's completion date. Until the pilot
schedule is shared with pilot participants and updated to accurately
reflect realistic resource and time constraints, TSA will lack the
management information needed to reliably assess progress towards
meeting the planned completion date and pre-emptively identifying
likely slippages in the completion date.
Shortfalls in TWIC pilot planning reduce the likelihood that the pilot
will be broadly representative of deployment conditions and will yield
the technology, business process, and operations information needed to
fully and accurately inform the card reader rule. While the pilot does
incorporate some useful practices, a comprehensive evaluation plan that
identifies the unit of analysis, criteria, and the design and
methodology to be used in assessing the data would help ensure that the
needed information is collected and recorded during the remainder of
the pilot to adequately inform the card reader rule. Furthermore,
having an evaluation plan for the pilot could help TSA and the Coast
Guard determine the limitations of the pilot and identify where
additional information is needed to enhance pilot results and inform
the rule. With an understanding of the pilot's limitations, TSA and
Coast Guard would be better positioned to determine how to compensate
for those limitations. While the pilot is currently under way, taking
corrective actions to improve the information obtained from the pilot
at this time rather than waiting until the pilot is complete and then
identifying information shortfalls could prove more time and cost
effective for TSA and the Coast Guard. One method for enhancing pilot
results could be to leverage the experiences at other nonpilot vessels
and facilities in implementing TWIC to date. However, without the
foundation of such an effort being grounded in a well developed
evaluation plan that defines the information to be collected and
approach for obtaining and analyzing the information, TSA and Coast
Guard may invest in a well intended effort but not realize the expected
results.
Recommendations for Executive Action:
To minimize the effects of any potential losses resulting from TWIC
system failures, and to ensure that adequate processes and capabilities
are in place to minimize the effects of TWIC system interruptions, we
recommend that the Assistant Secretary for the Transportation Security
Administration direct the TWIC program office to take the following
action:
* develop an information technology contingency plan for TWIC systems,
including the development and implementation of a disaster recovery
plan and supporting systems, as required, as soon as possible.
To help ensure that the TWIC pilot schedule can be reliably used to
guide the pilot and identify the pilot's completion date, we recommend
that the Assistant Secretary for the Transportation Security
Administration direct the TWIC program office, in concert with pilot
participants to take the following action:
* fully incorporate best practices for program scheduling in the pilot
schedule to help ensure that (1) all pilot activities are captured; (2)
sufficient resources are assigned to all activities; (3) the duration
of all activities are established and agreed upon by all stakeholders;
(4) a schedule risk analysis is conducted to determine a level of
confidence in meeting the planned completion date and impact of not
achieving planned activities within scheduled deadlines; and (5) the
schedule is correctly updated on a periodic basis.
To ensure that the information needed to assess the technical,
business, and operational impacts of deploying TWIC biometric card
readers at MTSA-regulated facilities and vessels is acquired prior to
the development of the card reader rule, we recommend that the
Assistant Secretary for the Transportation Security Administration and
Commandant of the U.S. Coast Guard direct their respective TWIC program
offices to take the following two actions:
* develop an evaluation plan to guide the remainder of the pilot that
includes performance standards, a clearly articulated evaluation
methodology--including the unit of analysis and criteria--and a data
analysis plan.
* identify how they will compensate for areas where the TWIC reader
pilot will not provide the necessary information needed to report to
Congress and implement the card reader rule. The information to be
collected and approach for obtaining and evaluating information
obtained through this effort should be documented as part of an
evaluation plan. At a minimum, areas for further review include the
potential requirements identified in the TWIC Reader Advanced Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking but not addressed by the pilot. Sources of
information to consider include investigating the possibility of using
information resulting from the deployment of TWIC readers at non-pilot
port facilities to help inform the development of the card reader rule.
Agency Comments and Our Evaluation:
We provided a draft of this report to the Secretary of Homeland
Security for review and comment. DHS provided written comments on
behalf of the department and the Transportation Security
Administration, the United States Coast Guard, and the Federal
Emergency Management Agency on November 5, 2009, which are reprinted in
appendix VI. In commenting on our report, DHS stated that it concurred
with three of the four recommendations and partially concurred with the
other one and identified actions planned or under way to implement
them. DHS is taking steps to address our first recommendation related
to information technology contingency planning for TWIC systems;
however, the actions DHS reported TSA and Coast Guard have taken or
plan to take do not fully address the intent of the remaining three
recommendations.
With regard to our first recommendation, DHS concurred with our
recommendation that TSA develop an information technology contingency
plan for TWIC systems, including the development and implementation of
a disaster recovery plan and supporting systems. DHS reported that TSA
has taken actions to improve contingency planning and disaster recovery
capabilities for TWIC related systems. According to DHS, such actions
include adding TWIC systems enhancements, such as back-up systems
(i.e., redundancy system), and plans for a system Continuity of
Operations Plan (COOP) site as part of its Office of Transportation
Threat Assessment and Credentialing's infrastructure modernization
effort. TSA's actions to develop a contingency plan for TWIC systems,
including a disaster recovery plan and supporting systems, should help
enhance TSA's ability to recover operations in the future.
DHS concurred in part with our second recommendation, that TSA, in
concert with pilot participants, fully incorporate best practices for
program scheduling in the pilot schedule. In its response, DHS agreed
that a program schedule is a critical management tool for
implementation of the TWIC reader pilot, and notes that its
implementation of best practices is tailored to specifically meet the
requirements relative to the complex and unique constraints of the
pilot program. For example, according to DHS, it focuses its outreach
and coordination efforts on the completion of key tasks when risks to
the critical path are identified. However, while DHS has made progress
in developing the schedule from the TSA perspective, it has not
developed the schedule in concert with pilot participants, as we are
recommending. As DHS notes, the voluntary nature of the pilot has
allowed participants to proceed at their own pace, based on their own
local priorities and procedures, making it difficult to develop and
maintain accurate activity durations for management purposes. However,
based on our review of the TWIC reader pilot schedule, DHS has not
accounted for each participant's pace, local priorities and procedures.
Instead, DHS, through TSA, identified the activities it deemed to be
key for completing the pilot without fully understanding what each
participant needs to do to accomplish the key tasks and how long it
will take to complete those activities given available resources and
local processes. Working individually with its pilot participants to
account for program complexities should help ensure that the overall
TWIC pilot schedule is informed by each participant, and that key
elements--such as the critical path--identified in the schedule
developed by TSA are more accurate. Moreover, as noted in our report,
the TWIC pilot schedule will not contain the level of information
needed for DHS to make effective management decisions despite its
efforts to improve its application of scheduling practices. Therefore,
additional corrective steps by DHS and TSA are needed to help ensure
that the program schedule can be used as a management tool to guide the
pilot and accurately identify the pilot's completion date.
DHS also concurred with our third and fourth recommendations, that the
TWIC program offices at TSA and Coast Guard (1) develop an evaluation
plan to guide the remainder of the pilot that includes performance
standards, a clearly articulated evaluation methodology--including the
unit of analysis and criteria--and a data analysis plan; and (2)
identify how the agencies will compensate for areas where the TWIC
reader pilot will not provide the necessary information needed to
report to Congress and implement the card reader rule. We recommended
that the information to be collected and approach for obtaining this
additional information be documented as part of the evaluation plan.
Developing an evaluation plan for a pilot is a prospective endeavor to
help guide the identification of needed data and data sources and
methods for comparing the data and obtaining the information needed.
However, it is not clear from DHS's comments whether their proposed
actions will fully address these two recommendations. As our report
indicates, while TSA developed a test and evaluation master plan for
the TWIC pilot, the document did not identify the business and
operational data to be collected during the pilot, the performance
standards for assessing the data, or the methodology for evaluating the
data. To meet the intent of our recommendations, this information would
need to be included in the evaluation plan prior to proceeding with the
pilot to ensure that the needed data points are planned for and
collected during the pilot in order to inform the mandated report to
Congress on the results of the pilot. However, DHS's comments do not
indicate that it will take these steps to help inform the report to
Congress or the rulemaking process for the TWIC reader rule. Instead,
in its response, DHS identifies guidance that it plans to use to
supplement the data gathered from the pilot. While identifying the
guidance is a positive step, the guidance is not a substitute for a
well-developed evaluation plan that defines the information to be
collected and approach for obtaining and analyzing the pilot
information. Furthermore, the guidance cannot compensate for areas
where the TWIC pilot does not provide the necessary information. The
plan would help DHS ensure that the pilot serves the purpose Congress
intended--collecting the data needed to adequately assess the TWIC
program during the pilot.
In its comments to our draft report, DHS, on behalf of TSA, also
commented on the October 21, 2008, power outage at the facility that
hosts TWIC systems. This outage affected TSA's ability to reset the
PINs (i.e., provide users with new PINs) on 410,000 TWIC cards issued
prior to the power failure. As part of the regulation that is currently
being written, MTSA-regulated facilities and vessels may require TWIC
users to use the PIN to unlock information on a TWIC card, such as the
TWIC holder's picture, to verify the identity of a TWIC holder.
Consequently, TSA will have to replace the cards for cardholders who
forget their PINs instead of resetting these PINs. In its response,
however, TSA questioned whether it would cost the government and
industry up to $26 million to replace the 410,000 TWIC cards
potentially affected by the outage. DHS commented that in the 11 months
since the incident, only 1,246 cards have needed replacement and TSA
officials believe it highly unlikely that all 410,000 affected
transportation workers will need their cards to be replaced. Although
DHS reported that the current number of TWICs replaced remains low, as
our report indicates and TSA confirmed, TSA officials will not know the
full cost implications of the power failure at the data center until
TSA and the Coast Guard start using TWIC cards in conjunction with the
electronic access control systems during the next phase of the program.
In accordance with the current TWIC regulation, the TWIC is only
required to be presented for visual inspection prior to gaining access
to a regulated site, and that PINs are not required at this time. This
may in part explain the low number of TWICs replaced to date. Based on
our review of TWIC use at the seven pilot sites we visited, more TWIC
holders are likely to need a TWIC card replacement as more of the
nation's estimated 4,000 maritime-related transportation facility
operators begin using TWICs in conjunction with electronic access
control systems--such as TWIC readers.
In addition, DHS provided technical comments, which we incorporated
into the report as appropriate.
As agreed with your offices, unless you publicly announce the contents
of this report earlier, we plan no further distribution until 30 days
from the date of this letter. We will then send copies of this report
to the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Assistant Secretary for the
Transportation Security Administration, the Commandant of the United
States Coast Guard, and appropriate congressional committees. In
addition, this report will be available at no charge on the GAO Web
site at [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/].
If you or your staff have any questions about this report, please
contact me at (202) 512-4379 or lords@gao.gov. Contact points for our
Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on
the last page of this report. Key contributors to this report are
listed in appendix VII.
Signed by:
Stephen M. Lord:
Director, Homeland Security and Justice Issues:
List of Requesters:
The Honorable John D. Rockefeller, IV:
Chairman:
Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation:
United States Senate:
The Honorable Bennie G. Thompson:
Chairman:
Committee on Homeland Security:
House of Representatives:
The Honorable John L. Mica:
Ranking Member:
Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure:
House of Representatives:
The Honorable Frank R. Lautenberg:
Chairman:
Subcommittee on Surface Transportation and Merchant Marine:
Infrastructure, Safety, and Security:
Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation:
United States Senate:
The Honorable Olympia J. Snowe:
Ranking Member:
Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard:
Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation:
United States Senate:
The Honorable Frank A. LoBiondo:
Ranking Member:
Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation:
Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure:
House of Representatives:
[End of section]
Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology:
This review examined the Transportation Security Administration's (TSA)
and Coast Guard's overall progress in implementing the Transportation
Worker Identification Credential (TWIC) program. We addressed the
following questions: (1) To what extent did TSA, the Coast Guard, and
the maritime industry take steps to meet the TWIC compliance date and
address related challenges? and (2) What management challenges, if any,
do TSA, Coast Guard, and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) face
in executing the TWIC pilot test for informing Congress and the card
reader rule?
To identify the steps taken by TSA, the Coast Guard, and the maritime
industry to meet the April 15, 2009, TWIC compliance date, and address
related challenges, we reviewed program documentation on the status of
TWIC enrollment and activation as well as implementation efforts from
both TSA and the Coast Guard. Among others, this documentation includes
compliance reports compiled by the Coast Guard from facility-gathered
information, TSA's TWIC communication plan for disseminating
information about the TWIC enrollment process and compliance deadlines,
and program management reviews on TWIC enrollment, activation, and
issuance. We also interviewed U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
officials regarding their participation in the TWIC card production and
personalization process. In addition, we visited and observed the
enrollment process with TSA and TSA contractor representatives at four
TWIC enrollment and activation centers. Further, we reviewed TWIC user
population estimates and discussed their data reliability with TSA and
Coast Guard officials as well as efforts taken to update the population
estimates and plan for TWIC enrollment and activation activities and
resources. We analyzed pertinent information including key statutes
such as the Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002
(MTSA),[Footnote 81] as amended by the Security and Accountability For
Every (SAFE) Port Act of 2006,[Footnote 82] and related regulations,
policies, and guidance setting out requirements for the TWIC
program.[Footnote 83] We also:
* obtained information from maritime industry stakeholders--such as
TWIC Stakeholder Communication Committee--a 15-member advisory council
to TSA, Coast Guard, and their contractor to promote real-time
communications flow between industry, government, and the TWIC
contracting team;
* reviewed reports by the National Maritime Security Advisory
Committee--an advisory council to DHS;
* met with nine associations whose members are impacted by the
implementation of TWIC, such as the:
- American Association of Port Authorities--a trade association that
represents more than 160 public port organizations throughout the
Western Hemisphere;
- The Independent Liquid Terminals Association--a trade association
representing companies with bulk liquid terminals and above ground
storage tank facilities ("tank farms") that interconnect with and
provide services to various modes of bulk liquid carriers, such as
oceangoing tank ships, tank barges, tank trucks, tank rail cars, and
pipelines; and:
- The Association of American Railroads--whose members represent a
140,000-mile rail network, including the major freight railroads in the
United States, Canada, and Mexico, as well as Amtrak.
We also visited four TWIC enrollment and activation centers, and
visited and/or met with officials of facilities and vessels impacted by
TWIC across the country such as the ports of Los Angeles and Long
Beach, California; Brownsville, Texas; Baltimore, Maryland; and
Houston, Texas; as well as the Port Authority of New York and New
Jersey. In addition, we met with officials representing vessel
operations at the Staten Island Ferry in Staten Island, New York;
Magnolia Marine Transports in Vicksburg, Mississippi; Watermark Cruises
in Annapolis, Maryland; and World Cruise Terminal in San Pedro,
California. At each location, we interviewed officials of facilities
and vessels responsible for implementing the use of TWIC. While
information we obtained from these interviews and site visits may not
be generalized across the maritime transportation industry as a whole,
because the facilities, vessels, and enrollment centers we selected are
representative of high and low volume entities in the maritime industry
and the enrollment centers are representative of areas with high
population density, the locations we visited provided us with an
overview of the general progress of the TWIC program, as well as any
potential implementation challenges faced by MTSA-regulated
facilities/vessels, transportation workers, and mariners. Further, we
interviewed TWIC program officials from TSA and the Coast Guard--
including the TWIC Program Director at TSA and the Coast Guard
Commander responsible for the TWIC compliance program--regarding their
efforts to implement the TWIC program. We also interviewed a number of
Coast Guard officials at ports across the country regarding local TWIC
implementation and compliance efforts to better understand the
processes and procedures in place for enforcing compliance with TWIC.
Specifically, we interviewed Coast Guard officials with
responsibilities in New York and New Jersey; Los Angeles and Long
Beach, California; Corpus Christi, Texas; and Baltimore, Maryland. We
met with these Coast Guard officials because the facilities, vessels,
and enrollment centers we visited are housed in these officials'
area(s) of responsibility. To assess the extent to which TSA planned
for the potential failure of information technology systems supporting
the TWIC program in order to minimize the effects of potential TWIC
system failures, we reviewed TWIC program management reviews and
conducted interviews with TWIC program staff. We compared TSA's efforts
with Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) guidance, government internal control
standards.[Footnote 84]
To identify and assess the management challenges TSA, the Coast Guard,
and DHS face in executing the TWIC pilot test for informing Congress
and the card reader rule, we reviewed prior GAO reports and testimonies
on the TWIC program issued from December 2004 through September 2008,
and key documents related to the TWIC reader pilot.[Footnote 85] These
documents included the Broad Agency Announcement-Initial Capability
Evaluation, TWIC Pilot Test and Evaluation Master Plan, the Initial
Technical Test Plan, the Early Operational Assessment Test Plan, the
Concept of Operations Plan, TWIC pilot scenarios, the TSA Pilot
Schedule, and the Advanced Notice of Proposal Rulemaking on TWIC Reader
Requirements. We also collected and analyzed Port Security Grant
Program and the Transit Security Grant Program awards relative to the
TWIC pilot participants to inform our understanding of the TWIC pilot
funding structure and guidance provided to TWIC pilot participants. In
addition, we reviewed relevant legislation, such as the MTSA and
amendments to MTSA made by the SAFE Port Act of 2006 to inform our
review of requirements for TWIC and the TWIC pilot specifically. We
also obtained an in person understanding of the benefits of and
barriers to implementing the pilot by conducting site visits to or
interviews with officials at the 7 pilot sites. Specifically, we
visited pilot participants at the Ports of Los Angeles, Long Beach, and
Brownsville, and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. We also
interviewed and or met with officials at vessel operations
participating in the TWIC pilot, including the Staten Island Ferry in
Staten Island, New York; Magnolia Marine Transports in Vicksburg,
Mississippi; and Watermark Cruises in Annapolis, Maryland. To assess
the viability of the TWIC pilot and better understand stakeholder
contributions within DHS, we met with officials from several components
at DHS. Specifically, we met with officials at DHS's Office of
Screening Coordination, Science and Technology Directorate, the Coast
Guard, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and the Transportation
Security Agency. To further enhance our understanding of the TWIC pilot
approach, we also interviewed officials at NIST and the Department of
Defense's Naval Air Systems Command and Space and Naval Warfare Systems
Command--organizations supporting TSA in the TWIC pilot--to discuss
TWIC pilot testing approaches. We also observed testing of TWIC readers
against environmental conditions at the Naval Warfare laboratory. In
addition, we met with local Coast Guard officials and representatives
from 15 stakeholder organizations, including associations and business
owners from industries impacted by TWIC, such as longshoremen and truck
drivers. While information we obtained from the interviews with
stakeholders may not be generalized across the maritime transportation
industry as a whole, because we selected stakeholders who either
represent national associations or who operate in or access the ports
where the TWIC reader pilot will be conducted, the interviews provided
us with information on the views of individuals and organizations that
will be directly impacted by the program.
In assessing the TWIC pilot approach, we reviewed the information
obtained through these endeavors against practices we identified in
program and project management as well as program evaluation efforts
that are relevant to the TWIC program pilot. These practices were
identified based on a review of (1) guidance issued by OMB;[Footnote
86] (2) our prior work on results oriented government, program
management and evaluation, and regulatory analysis;[Footnote 87] and
(3) literature on program management principles.[Footnote 88] Based on
these recognized standards, practices, and guidance, we:
* Assessed the pilot schedule against nine relevant best practices in
our Cost Estimating and Assessment Guide to determine the extent to
which the pilot schedule reflects key estimating practices that are
fundamental to having and maintaining a reliable schedule. In doing so,
we independently assessed the program's integrated master schedule and
its underlying activities against our nine best practices. We also
interviewed cognizant program officials to discuss their use of best
practices in creating the program's current schedule and we attended
three walk-throughs to better understand how the schedule was
constructed and maintained. To further assess the reliability of the
schedule, we compared information in the pilot schedule to information
provided by pilot participants and stakeholders.
* Reviewed TWIC pilot documentation against identified characteristics
that sound evaluation plans and approaches include. We also assessed
the data to be collected from the TWIC pilot and identified
methodologies for using the data to inform Congress on the impacts of
using TWIC with biometric card readers and further informing the card
reader rule. To help assess the completeness of the TWIC pilot approach
and evaluation methodology, we compared the technology, business, and
operational potential requirements identified in the TWIC Reader
Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) issued on March 27,
2009. As part of this assessment we reviewed the program evaluation
approach used by TSA and the Coast Guard for leveraging pilot efforts
and investments to the maximum extent possible for identifying the cost
and other implications on government, the private sector, and the
public at large to be considered when developing the regulatory
analysis.
We conducted this performance audit from July 2008 through November
2009 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing
standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit
to obtain sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable
basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives.
We believe that the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for
our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives.
[End of section]
Appendix II: Key TWIC Implementation Actions:
Table 3 below summarizes key Transportation Worker Identification
Credential (TWIC) program laws and milestones for implementing the
program through April 2009.
Table 3: Key TWIC Implementation Actions over Time:
Date: November 2002;
Key TWIC implementation actions: Enactment of the Maritime
Transportation Security Act of 2002, which required the Secretary of
Homeland Security to issue a maritime worker identification card that
uses biometrics to control access to secure areas of maritime
transportation facilities and vessels.
Date: August 2004 through;
June 2005;
Key TWIC implementation actions: As part of its prototype testing, TSA--
through a private contractor--tested the TWIC program at 28
transportation facilities across the country.
Date: August 2006;
Key TWIC implementation actions: TSA decided that the TWIC program
would be implemented in the maritime sector using two separate rules.
The credential rule covers use of TWICs as a credential for gaining
access to facilities and vessels. The second rule, the card reader
rule, is planned to address the use of access control technologies,
such as biometric card readers, for confirming the identity of the TWIC
holder against the biometric information on the TWIC.
Date: October 2006;
Key TWIC implementation actions: The Security and Accountability For
Every Port Act directed the Secretary of Homeland Security to, among
other things, implement the TWIC program at the 10 highest-risk ports
by July 1, 2007, and to conduct a pilot program to test TWIC access
control technologies, such as TWIC readers, in the maritime
environment.
Date: January 2007;
Key TWIC implementation actions: TSA and the Coast Guard issued the
credential rule requiring worker enrollment in the TWIC program and
TWIC issuance. The Transportation Security Administration also awarded
a $70 million contract to begin enrolling workers and issuing TWICs to
workers.
Date: July 2007;
Key TWIC implementation actions: The Coast Guard issued guidance on how
the maritime industry is to comply with the credential rule and how the
Coast Guard will implement TWIC compliance efforts.
Date: June 2008;
Key TWIC implementation actions: As part of the TWIC reader pilot, TSA
issued an agency announcement calling for biometric card readers to be
submitted for assessment as TWIC readers.
Date: August 2008;
Key TWIC implementation actions: TSA initiated the TWIC reader pilot
testing, starting with the initial capability evaluation of TWIC
readers.
Date: October 2008;
Key TWIC implementation actions: Phased-In TWIC compliance began at
Captain of the Port Zones[A] in Boston, Northern New England, and
Southern New England on October 15, 2008.
Date: April 2009;
Key TWIC implementation actions: On April 15, 2009, all Captain of the
Port Zones nationwide began compliance with TWIC requirements.
Source: GAO summary of TWIC program activities and requirements.
[A] A Captain of the Port Zone is a geographic area for which a Coast
Guard Captain of the Port retains authority with regard to enforcement
of port safety, security, and marine environmental protection
regulations.
[End of table]
[End of section]
Appendix III: Phased-In Captain of the Port Zone Compliance Schedule
(Revised February 19, 2009):
Table 4 below illustrates the phased-in captain of the port zone
compliance schedule from October 2008 to April 2009.
Table 4: Phased-In Captain of the Port Zone Compliance Schedule
(Revised February 19, 2009):
October-November 2008:
October 15, 2008;
Northern New England;
Boston;
Southeastern New England;
November 28, 2008;
Corpus Christi;
North Carolina;
Cape Fear River;
December 2008:
December 1, 2008;
Long Island Sound;
Charleston;
Savannah;
Jacksonville;
December 1, 2008;
Buffalo;
Duluth;
Detroit;
Lake Michigan;
Sault Ste. Marie;
December 30, 2008;
Baltimore;
Delaware Bay;
Mobile;
Pittsburgh;
Ohio Valley;
Lower Mississippi River;
San Diego;
January-February 2009:
January 13, 2009;
Hampton Roads;
Morgan City;
New Orleans;
Upper Mississippi River;
Miami;
Key West;
St. Petersburg;
February 12, 2009;
Honolulu (with the exception of American Samoa);
South East Alaska;
Prince William Sound;
Western Alaska;
February 28, 2009;
Puget Sound;
Portland (Oregon);
San Francisco Bay;
March-April 2009:
March 23, 2009;
New York;
April 14, 2009;
Guam;
Houston/Galveston;
Los Angeles/Long Beach;
San Juan;
April 14, 2009;
Port Arthur;
April 14, 2009;
American Samoa (within Captain of the Port Zone Honolulu).
Source: U.S. Coast Guard.
[End of table]
[End of section]
Appendix IV: Scheduling Best Practices:
Table 5 presents a summary of best practices identified by GAO for
applying a schedule as part of program management.
Table 5: Scheduling Best Practices:
Scheduling Best Practices: Capturing all activities;
Explanation: The schedule should reflect all key activities as defined
in the program's work breakdown structure, which defines in detail the
work necessary to accomplish a program's objectives, including
activities such as those to be performed by the government and its
contractors.
Scheduling Best Practices: Sequencing all activities;
Explanation: The schedule should be planned so that critical program
dates can be met. To meet this objective, key activities need to be
logically sequenced--that is, listed in the order in which they are to
be carried out. In particular, activities that must be completed before
other activities can begin (predecessor activities), as well as
activities that cannot begin until other activities are completed
(successor activities), should be identified. This helps ensure that
interdependencies among activities that collectively lead to the
accomplishment of events or milestones can be established and used as a
basis for guiding work and measuring progress.
Scheduling Best Practices: Assigning resources to all activities;
Explanation: The schedule should reflect what resources (e.g., labor,
material, and overhead) are needed to do the work, whether all required
resources will be available when needed, and whether any funding or
time constraints exist.
Scheduling Best Practices: Establishing the duration of all activities;
Explanation: The schedule should realistically reflect how long each
activity will take to execute. In determining the duration of each
activity, the same rationale, historical data, and assumptions used for
cost estimating should be used. Durations should be as short as
possible and have specific start and end dates. The schedule should be
continually monitored to determine when forecasted completion dates
differ from the planned dates; this information can be used to
determine whether schedule variances will affect downstream work.
Scheduling Best Practices: Integrating schedule activities horizontally
and vertically;
Explanation: The schedule should be horizontally integrated, meaning
that it should link products and outcomes associated with other
sequenced activities. These links are commonly referred to as "hand
offs" and serve to verify that activities are arranged in the right
order to achieve aggregated products or outcomes. The schedule should
also be vertically integrated, meaning that the dates for starting and
completing activities in the integrated master schedule should be
aligned with the dates for supporting tasks and subtasks. Such mapping
or alignment among levels enables different groups to work to the same
master schedule.
Scheduling Best Practices: Establishing the critical path for all
activities;
Explanation: Scheduling software should be used to identify the
critical path--the path with the longest duration through the sequenced
list of key activities. Establishing a program's critical path is
necessary to examine the effects of any activity slipping along this
path. Potential problems that might occur along or near the critical
path should also be identified and reflected in scheduling the duration
of high-risk activities.
Scheduling Best Practices: Identifying float between activities;
Explanation: The schedule should identify the float--the time that a
predecessor activity can slip before the delay affects successor
activities--so that a schedule's flexibility can be determined. As a
general rule, activities along the critical path have the least amount
of float time. Total float is the total amount of time by which an
activity can be delayed without delaying the project's completion (if
everything else goes according to plan).
Scheduling Best Practices: Conducting a schedule risk analysis;
Explanation: A schedule risk analysis is performed using statistical
techniques to predict the level of confidence in meeting a program's
completion date. This analysis focuses on critical path activities and
activities near the critical path since they can affect program status.
Key aspects of a schedule risk analysis include assessing the level of
confidence in meeting a program's completion date, the range of time
(i.e., amount of time contingency) needed for a level of confidence,
and the identification of high-priority risks. Further, a schedule risk
assessment recognizes the interrelationship between schedule and cost
and captures the risk that schedule durations and cost estimates may
vary due to, among other things: limited data, optimistic estimating,
technical challenges, lack of qualified personnel, and other external
factors.
Scheduling Best Practices: Updating the schedule using logic and
durations to determine the dates for all key activities;
Explanation: The schedule should be continuously updated using logic
and durations to determine realistic start and completion dates for
program activities. The schedule should be analyzed continuously for
variances to determine when forecasted completion dates differ from
planned dates. This analysis is especially important for those
variations that impact activities identified as being in a project's
critical path and can impact a scheduled completion date. Further,
maintaining the integrity of the schedule logic is not only necessary
to reflect true status of a project, but is also required before
conducting a schedule risk analysis.
Source: GAO.
[End of table]
[End of section]
Appendix V: Assessment of the TWIC Pilot against the Potential TWIC
Requirements under Consideration in the March 27, 2009, TWIC Advanced
Notice of Proposed Rulemaking for the Card Reader Rule:
The analysis below is a detailed review of key statements made in the
Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC) Reader Advanced
Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) issued by the Coast Guard
compared to the items being tested in the TWIC reader pilot. The ANPRM
contains the potential TWIC reader requirements Coast Guard is
considering as part of a future regulation for MTSA-regulated
facilities and vessels required to use TWIC as an access control
mechanism. The Coast Guard notes that the ANPRM presents preliminary
thoughts on potential requirements for electronic TWIC readers in order
to open the public dialogue on implementing TWIC reader requirements.
The requirements presented in this ANPRM, represent the technology,
business processes, and operational characteristics of TWIC under
consideration at the time. Moreover, they represent potential costs and
benefits--or impacts--to be borne by the government, private sector,
and population at large as a result of the regulation being considered.
The TWIC reader pilot, as defined in the SAFE Port Act of 2006, is to
test the business processes, technology, and operational impacts
required to deploy transportation security card readers at secure areas
of the marine transportation system. Furthermore, The Department of
Homeland Security (DHS) is to report on the following results from the
TWIC reader pilot: (1) the findings of the pilot program with respect
to technical and operational impacts of implementing a transportation
security card reader system; (2) any actions that may be necessary to
ensure that all vessels and facilities to which this section applies
are able to comply with such regulations; and (3) an analysis of the
viability of equipment under the extreme weather conditions of the
marine environment. The following defines the assessment categories
used below.
1. Yes--This assessment category represents that the potential
requirement identified in the ANPRM is being tested for in the TWIC
reader pilot.
2. Partially--This assessment category represents that the potential
requirement identified in the ANPRM is at least in part being tested
for in the TWIC reader pilot.
3. No--This assessment category represents that the potential
requirement identified in the ANPRM is not being tested for in the TWIC
reader pilot.
Table 6: Assessment of Proposed TWIC Requirements under Consideration
in the March 27, 2009, ANPRM for the Card Reader Rule:
1.
ANPRM potential requirement: Electronic reader requirements--
Integrating TWIC into existing access control systems by using it as a
secure means of authenticating an individual when first registering an
individual into an existing access control system;
Is the potential requirement identified in the ANPRM being tested for
in the TWIC reader pilot?: Partially;
Related information in TWIC reader test documentation: The TWIC test
documentation calls for the collection of data in cases where TWIC is
integrated into existing access control systems and using the TWIC to
authenticate an individual when first registering the individual for
access into a facility. However, the documentation does not set forth a
test approach to be used or identify the participants that need to
follow the approach in order to ensure the consistency and reliability
of the data collected.
2.
ANPRM potential requirement: Electronic reader requirements-- Either
the contact or contactless[A] interface can be used with existing smart
card readers to authenticate the individual and the credential when
making access control decisions. (Note: would need to test the
requirement for use of each the contact interface and the contactless
interface);
Is the potential requirement identified in the ANPRM being tested for
in the TWIC reader pilot?: Partially;
Related information in TWIC reader test documentation: The TWIC test
approach allows for the collection of information on the use of TWIC
with biometric card readers that have either a contact or contactless
interface. However, the test approach does not identify and compensate
for the mix of readers to be used across like facilities in different
geographic regions. For example, no mechanism is in place to ensure
that similar readers are tested for similar operational environments in
each geographic location. Therefore, the information collected may not
be comparable.
3.
ANPRM potential requirement: Electronic reader requirements--Use of
TWIC physical and logical security features to determine that the TWIC-
holder is the same individual to whom the TWIC was issued, and that
they do not present a security threat;
Is the potential requirement identified in the ANPRM being tested for
in the TWIC reader pilot?: Yes;
Related information in TWIC reader test documentation: [Empty].
4.
ANPRM potential requirement: Risk Group A--Applying a different
biometric than the fingerprint, such as an iris scan or hand geometry,
stored in the local access control system and matched to the individual
seeking access;
The owner/operator's system must be linked to the TWIC in such a manner
that the access control system forbids access to someone who does not
have a valid TWIC, or to someone other than to whom the TWIC has been
issued. This means that the TWIC will need to be read and the stored
biometric identifier matched against the TWIC-holder's fingerprint at
least once, when the individual is entered into the local access
control system;
Is the potential requirement identified in the ANPRM being tested for
in the TWIC reader pilot?: No;
Related information in TWIC reader test documentation: [Empty].
5.
ANPRM potential requirement: Risk Group A--Use of personal
identification numbers (PIN) as an additional level of security, during
the spot checks, and during annual inspections conducted by the Coast
Guard;
Is the potential requirement identified in the ANPRM being tested for
in the TWIC reader pilot?: No;
Related information in TWIC reader test documentation: [Empty].
6.
ANPRM potential requirement: Risk Group A--Vessels and facilities in
the highest risk group (risk group A) authenticate the card
electronically with a card reader at each entry. Test the amount of
time the transaction between the TWIC-holder and the card reader takes.
The readers are to be able to perform this function as the individual
is presenting his or her finger for matching against the template
stored on the TWIC;
Is the potential requirement identified in the ANPRM being tested for
in the TWIC reader pilot?: Yes;
Related information in TWIC reader test documentation: [Empty].
7.
ANPRM potential requirement: Risk Group A--Vessels and facilities in
risk group A would verify the validity of the TWIC at each entry using
information that is no more than 7 days old, when at MARSEC[B] Level
1.c This means that on a weekly basis, the Hotlist or Certificate
Revocation List (CRL)d will need to be downloaded into the reader(s)
used at the vessel or facility's access control point(s) or into the
local access control system used by the vessel or facility. (Note:
would need to test the requirement for each the Hotlist and the CRL);
Is the potential requirement identified in the ANPRM being tested for
in the TWIC reader pilot?: Partially;
Related information in TWIC reader test documentation: The test
documentation references testing for the validity of the TWIC at each
entry using Hotlist or CRL information downloaded in varying
frequencies, from one day to weekly. However, the documents do not
identify if and when testing for each CRL and the Hotlist will be
conducted by the pilot site. Therefore, it is not clear if or to what
extent, for example, use of the CRL will be tested.
8.
ANPRM potential requirement: Risk Group A--Change in the frequency of
Hotlist or CRL download at MARSEC Levels 2 and 3.[E] (Note: would need
to test the requirement for each the Hotlist and the CRL);
Is the potential requirement identified in the ANPRM being tested for
in the TWIC reader pilot?: Partially;
Related information in TWIC reader test documentation: The test
documentation references testing for the validity of the TWIC at each
entry using Hotlist or CRL information downloaded in varying
frequencies, from one day to weekly. However, the test documentation
does not identify if and when testing for each CRL and the Hotlist will
be conducted by pilot site. Further, the pilot testing will not test
for changes in processes, such as changing the frequency that the
Hotlist or CRL will be downloaded, as would occur during changes in
MARSEC levels.
9.
ANPRM potential requirement: Risk Group B--Required to complete the
identity verification by using the TWIC as a visual identity badge
("flash pass") at each entry. On a random basis, but at least one day a
month, at MARSEC Level 1, they would also be required to match the
biometric stored on the card in order to conduct more complete identity
verification;
Is the potential requirement identified in the ANPRM being tested for
in the TWIC reader pilot?: Yes;
Related information in TWIC reader test documentation: [Empty].
10.
ANPRM potential requirement: Risk Group B--The validity of the TWICs
must be checked at each entry, using TSA's Hotlist or CRL. (Note: would
need to test the requirement for each the Hotlist and the CRL.) At
MARSEC Level 1, this would be done using information that is no more
than 7 days old. At MARSEC Levels 2 and 3, the information would be
downloaded daily;
Is the potential requirement identified in the ANPRM being tested for
in the TWIC reader pilot?: Partially;
Related information in TWIC reader test documentation: The test
documentation references testing for the validity of the TWIC at each
entry using Hotlist or CRL information downloaded in varying
frequencies, from one day to weekly. However, the test documentation
does not identify if and when testing for each CRL and Hotlist will be
conducted by pilot site. Further, the pilot testing will not test for
changes in processes, such as changing the frequency that the Hotlist
or CRL will be downloaded, as would occur during changes in MARSEC
levels.
11.
ANPRM potential requirement: Risk Group C--Facilities and vessels would
not be required to match the biometric stored on the card in order to
complete the identity verification at any MARSEC Level. Instead, they
would only be required to use the TWIC as a visual identity badge in
the manner currently required by the TWIC 1 (credential) federal
regulation;
Is the potential requirement identified in the ANPRM being tested for
in the TWIC reader pilot?: Yes;
Related information in TWIC reader test documentation: [Empty].
12.
ANPRM potential requirement: Risk Group C--Coast Guard has determined
that given the type of commodities and small number of passengers
typical of this risk group, it is likely these vessels and facilities
are a less attractive target for individuals who wish to do harm,
though still holding the potential of being involved in a
Transportation Security Incident. The card validity check would require
only that the expiration date be checked;
Is the potential requirement identified in the ANPRM being tested for
in the TWIC reader pilot?: Partially;
Related information in TWIC reader test documentation: The pilot test
addresses this generally by conducting visual inspections. However,
testing does not include specifically checking for expiration dates[F].
13.
ANPRM potential requirement: Risk Group C--The Coast Guard will
continue to check and verify TWICs, using handheld readers, during
annual inspections and during unannounced spot checks aboard vessels
and facilities within all three risk groups;
Is the potential requirement identified in the ANPRM being tested for
in the TWIC reader pilot?: Yes;
Related information in TWIC reader test documentation: [Empty].
14.
ANPRM potential requirement: Risk Group C--TSA would be able, through
use of information collected during enrollment for the TWIC, to contact
employers or the Coast Guard if an imminent threat, resulting in an
immediate revocation of a TWIC, is identified during the perpetual
vetting of TWIC holders;
Is the potential requirement identified in the ANPRM being tested for
in the TWIC reader pilot?: No[G];
Related information in TWIC reader test documentation: [Empty].
15.
ANPRM potential requirement: Facilities could be permitted to move
between risk groups based on vessel interface or cargo operations;
Is the potential requirement identified in the ANPRM being tested for
in the TWIC reader pilot?: No;
Related information in TWIC reader test documentation: [Empty].
16.
ANPRM potential requirement: Vessels and facilities, at each risk
group, using recurring unescorted access for up to 14 persons per
vessel or facility. [Further] If recurring unescorted access will be
used, test the alterative business and operational processes associated
with when and where the initial check of the TWIC will occur, as well
as how the periodic card validity check will be accomplished;
Is the potential requirement identified in the ANPRM being tested for
in the TWIC reader pilot?: No;
Related information in TWIC reader test documentation: [Empty].
17.
ANPRM potential requirement: For recurring unescorted access--
Biometric match to include a verification of the Federal Agency Smart
Credential-Number (FASC-N)[H] and the TWIC Card authentication
Certificate (card authentication), as well as a verification of the
validity of the TWIC (card validity check) so long as the validity of
the TWIC is verified periodically, using the Hotlist or CRL[I];
Is the potential requirement identified in the ANPRM being tested for
in the TWIC reader pilot?: Partially;
Related information in TWIC reader test documentation: Pilot
documentation identifies that testing to assess that a reader can read
and verify the attributes identified in the characteristic is generally
being conducted. However, testing for this characteristic in
conjunction with the business/operational processes associated with an
unescorted access provision is not being conducted.
18.
ANPRM potential requirement: For recurring unescorted access, in each
case (meaning all risk groups), the validity would need to be checked
using information that is no more than 24 hours old;
Is the potential requirement identified in the ANPRM being tested for
in the TWIC reader pilot?: Partially;
Related information in TWIC reader test documentation: Test documents
note that all pilot sites will test for TWIC validity. Further,
documentation notes that downloading information such as the Hotlist
will vary in frequency from daily to weekly. However, the test
protocols show that not all test locations, regardless of risk groups,
will be using information that is no more that 24 hours old to verify
the validity of the TWIC.
19.
ANPRM potential requirement: Owner or operator can pursue an agreement
with a facility or other company to borrow or otherwise have access to
their reader to perform the initial check, create a file with the
FASC-Ns and names of the employees granted recurring unescorted access,
and then use a software program to compare the Hotlist or CRL on the
required periodic basis. (Note: Relevant testing could, for example,
examine the business and operational processes associated with the
above characteristic as well as the technology impacts related to the
privacy and security of systems used in implementing the approach);
Is the potential requirement identified in the ANPRM being tested for
in the TWIC reader pilot?: No;
Related information in TWIC reader test documentation: [Empty].
20.
ANPRM potential requirement: Unescorted access process would call for
the use of electronic card readers to gain access to certain vessels
and the Coast Guard would not require that they be carried on board any
vessel...[Further the] recurring unescorted access provisions could be
met without requiring installation or implementation of a reader on a
gangway or at any other place on the vessel;
Is the potential requirement identified in the ANPRM being tested for
in the TWIC reader pilot?: Partially;
Related information in TWIC reader test documentation: The TWIC reader
pilot test does not assess the business processes, operations, or
technical aspects of the unescorted access provision. The test
methodology does include using readers with TWICs at an offshore
location prior to accessing a vessel. However, the testing does not
include a review of how this TWIC provision would be carried out in
instances where, for example, crew changes or other vessel access can
be made from varying locations (i.e., locations other than a vessel's
own offshore site). Further, the testing does not consider the impacts
of not requiring that vessels carry an electronic card reader on board
any vessel, including those instances where a vessel may experience a
change in risk level requiring enhanced business processes, operations,
and technologies to verify a TWIC.
21.
ANPRM potential requirement: Reader approval based on the standard/
specification that will be developed from the results of the TWIC
reader pilot program and independent lab;
Is the potential requirement identified in the ANPRM being tested for
in the TWIC reader pilot?: Yes;
Related information in TWIC reader test documentation: [Empty].
22.
ANPRM potential requirement: For reader calibration and compliance,
ensure that once readers are installed, they are maintained in proper
working order. Readers would be required to be inspected, tested,
calibrated, and maintained in accordance with the manufacturer's
recommendations, and that records of those actions be maintained as
well. Consideration is being given to whether TWIC readers should also
be subject to Coast Guard inspections, or require some type of third-
party audit;
Is the potential requirement identified in the ANPRM being tested for
in the TWIC reader pilot?: Partially;
Related information in TWIC reader test documentation: The reader pilot
is collecting some information on reader maintenance. However, the test
methodology does not test for the operational processes and costs of
maintaining repair logs, Coast Guard conducting reader inspections, or
conducting a third-party audit.
23.
ANPRM potential requirement: Test for the impact of the business and
operational processes put in place on how facility/vessel operators
will handle those persons whose TWIC indicate they have poor quality or
no fingerprints, as well as those persons that are unable to match
their live fingerprint to the template stored on their TWIC;
Is the potential requirement identified in the ANPRM being tested for
in the TWIC reader pilot?: No;
Related information in TWIC reader test documentation: [Empty].
24.
ANPRM potential requirement: Require that those owners and operators
using a separate physical access systems identify how they are
protecting personal identity information. (Note: Relevant testing would
include obtaining information on, for example, the effects of added
security on system speed for processing a TWIC, system costs such as
installation and maintenance, and the actual security of the
information maintained in a system);
Is the potential requirement identified in the ANPRM being tested for
in the TWIC reader pilot?: No;
Related information in TWIC reader test documentation: [Empty].
25.
ANPRM potential requirement: The electronic readers should be able to
keep track of the names, FASC-Ns, dates, and times of those persons
passing through the reader. This may prove beneficial in law
enforcement situations;
Is the potential requirement identified in the ANPRM being tested for
in the TWIC reader pilot?: No;
Related information in TWIC reader test documentation: [Empty].
26.
ANPRM potential requirement: Requiring that facility and vessel owners
who are required to utilize readers (those in risk groups A and B) also
keep records of the persons who have been granted unescorted access
(those whose TWICs have been read by a card reader) for a period of 2
years;
Is the potential requirement identified in the ANPRM being tested for
in the TWIC reader pilot?: No;
Related information in TWIC reader test documentation: [Empty].
27.
ANPRM potential requirement: Maintain a record to demonstrate that they
(meaning the facility/vessel operator) have completed the card validity
check (Hotlist or CRL check), if required. (Note: Testing may include,
for example, testing of the validity check, the method(s) for
maintaining records, and the impacts);
Is the potential requirement identified in the ANPRM being tested for
in the TWIC reader pilot?: No;
Related information in TWIC reader test documentation: [Empty].
Source: GAO analysis of U.S. Coast Guard and TSA provided data.
Note: Text in italics above represents additional information provided
from GAO analysis to provide additional context for the requirement.
[A] Readers for verifying the TWIC can be read either by making contact
with a TWIC--that is, inserting the TWIC into a reader--or by
introducing the TWIC to the reader by having the TWIC be in close
proximity to the reader without having to make physical contact with
the reader (e.g., waiving a card near a reader).
[B] The Coast Guard has a three-tiered system of Maritime Security
(MARSEC) levels consistent with the Department of Homeland Security's
Homeland Security Advisory System (HSAS). MARSEC levels are designed to
provide a means to easily communicate pre-planned scalable responses to
increased threat levels. The Commandant of the U.S. Coast Guard sets
MARSEC levels commensurate with the HSAS. MARSEC levels are set to
reflect the prevailing threat environment to the marine elements of the
national transportation system, including ports, vessels, facilities,
and critical assets and infrastructure located on or adjacent to waters
subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S.
[C] MARSEC level 1 means the level for which minimum appropriate
security measures shall be maintained at all times. MARSEC 1 generally
applies when HSAS threat condition green (representing a low risk of
terrorist attack), blue (representing a general risk of terrorist
attack), or yellow (representing a significant risk of terrorist
attack) are set.
[D] Both the Hotlist and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) are
maintained to identify which TWIC cards are valid and which cards are
no longer valid.
[E] MARSEC level 2 means the level for which appropriate additional
protective security measures shall be maintained for a period of time
as a result of heightened risk of a transportation security incident.
MARSEC 2 generally corresponds to HSAS threat condition orange, which
represents a high risk of terrorist attack. MARSEC level 3 means the
level for which further specific protective security measures shall be
maintained for a limited period of time when a transportation security
incident is probable, imminent, or has occurred, although it may not be
possible to identify the specific target. MARSEC 3 generally
corresponds to HSAS threat condition red, which represents a severe
risk of terrorist attack.
[F] TWIC Rule 1, or the credential rule, on implementing the use of
TWIC without readers requires checking the expiration date, the
security features on the card, and the photo. However, these checks are
not specified in the test documentation. Without this information being
specified in the test documents, there is no clear indication of what
is being tested.
[G] According to DHS officials, it is DHS policy to ensure revocation
of the individual's TWIC and provide proper notification once a threat
has been identified. However, DHS has not provided documentation of
methods used to ensure that the policy is effectively in place.
[H] The FASC-N is an identifying number assigned to each TWIC.
[I] The documentation does not specify if or how often the Hotlist or
CRL will be tested.
[End of table]
[End of section]
Appendix VI: Comments from the Department of Homeland Security:
U.S. Department of Homeland Security:
Washington, DC 20528:
November 5, 2009:
Mr. Stephen M. Lord:
Director, Homeland Security and Justice Issues:
Government Accountability Office:
441 G Street, NW:
Washington, DC 20548:
Dear Mr. Lord:
Thank you for the opportunity to comment on the draft report:
"Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC): Progress Made
in Enrolling Workers and Activating Credentials but Evaluation Plan
Needed to Help Inform the Implementation of Card Readers" (GAO-10-43).
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) appreciates the U.S.
Government Accountability Office's (GAO) work in planning, conducting,
and issuing this report.
DHS commends the GAO on recognizing that the program went through
national compliance with little to no interruptions and we agree that
more work is needed to (1) ensure the execution of the card reader
pilot program in a manner that will inform the final rulemaking and (2)
facilitate the smooth implementation of reader requirements.
TWIC is a vital security program that is jointly administered by the
U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and the Transportation Security Administration
(TSA). TSA is responsible for enrollment, vetting, and card production,
while the USCG governs access control requirements and has primary
responsibility for enforcement. Additionally, FEMA has administered
grants under the Port Security Grant Program (PSGP) for TWIC pilot
implementation, and the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
(USCIS) provides card production services to TSA.
DHS has made significant progress in implementing the TWIC program, as
demonstrated in the successful enrollment of one million workers in
less than 18 months and the opening of 150 fixed enrollment centers and
450 mobile sites nationwide. As of October 2009, TSA has enrolled over
1.3 million maritime workers.
DHS has made noteworthy progress on the TWIC reader pilot program.
Laboratory testing of readers is largely complete, and TSA has
evaluated and published a list of 22 readers to guide pilot test
participants in their reader selections. TSA completed extensive
testing of five (5) readers in controlled laboratory simulations of the
harsh maritime environment and completed functional performance testing
of four (4) readers. TSA has begun collecting data during the field
test phase of the pilot program, with 24 facility and vessel
participants in nine (9) distinct geographic locations representing a
significant sampling of Maritime Transportation Security Act (MTSA)-
regulated facility and vessel operations. TSA is confident that the
data gathered will result in a meaningful final report to Congress
assessing the impacts of deploying TWIC readers as required by the
Security and Accountability For Every Port (SAFE) Act of 2006.
As the TWIC program moves forward, DHS will continue to incorporate
lessons learned and best practices in order to drive sound management
decisions that improve all aspects of the program.
TSA would like to specifically address one comment in GAO's draft
report that we believe warrants further clarification. On October 21,
2008, the facility that hosts the TWIC system experienced a power
outage. Though power was quickly restored, the part of the system that
facilitates card activations and PIN resets was affected. In the
report, GAO states that, "if all 410,000 affected TWIC cards need to be
replaced, it could cost the government and industry up to approximately
$26 million." TSA notes that it is highly unlikely all 410,000 affected
transportation workers will forget their PINs and be unable to remember
them within 10 attempts, thus requiring their cards to be replaced. In
the 11 months since this incident, only 1,246 cards have needed
replacement. Since the October 21, 2008 event, TSA completed a $1.8
million effort to resolve the system failure vulnerability.
Recommendations for Executive Action:
GAO Recommendation 1: "To minimize the impact of any potential losses
resulting from TWIC system failures, and to ensure that adequate
processes and capabilities are in place to minimize the impact of TWIC
system interruptions, TSA should develop an information technology
contingency plan for TWIC systems, including the development and
implementation of a disaster recovery plan and supporting systems, as
required, as soon as possible."
DHS Concurs: TSA has already taken action to develop and implement an
IT contingency and disaster recovery plan for TWIC systems. TSA has
reviewed the system architecture to identify single points of failure
and has concluded a $1.8 million effort to implement redundancy and
scalability enhancements. This effort resulted in the following
improvements:
* Deployment of two additional Card Management CMS servers in the test
and production environment using an F5 load balancer configuration;
* Deployment of a second Certificate Management Authority in test and
production;
* Installation of additional AFIS server blades;
* Deployment of a second BizTalk server;
* Deployment of a second WebSphere with F5 load balancer;
* Deployment of a second IDMS server;
* Deployment of a second Oracle database server;
* Deployment of a second ISA VPN server;
* Deployment of a second HSM server.
TSA is in the process of issuing a second task order directed at
contingency planning and the further avoidance of system failures. TSA
has also included plans for a system COOP site and card production
redundancy as part of the Office of Transportation Threat Assessment
and Credentialing's Infrastructure Modernization effort.
GAO Recommendation 2: "To help ensure the TWIC pilot schedule can be
readily used to guide the pilot and identify the pilot's completion
date, in concert with pilot participants, TSA should fully incorporate
best practices for program scheduling in the pilot schedule to help
ensure that (1) all pilot activities are captured; (2) sufficient
resources are assigned to all activities; (3) the duration of all
activities are established and agreed upon by all stakeholders; (4) a
schedule risk analysis is conducted to determine a level of confidence
in meeting the planned completion date and impact of not achieving
planned activities within scheduled deadlines; and (5) the schedule is
correctly updated on a periodic basis."
DHS Concurs in part: DHS agrees that a program schedule is a critical
management tool for the implementation of the TWIC reader pilot. The
current TWIC reader pilot schedule has implemented best practices and
is tailored to specifically meet the management requirements relative
to the complex and unique constraints of the pilot program. The
voluntary nature of the pilot has allowed each participating port,
facility, and vessel operator to proceed at their own pace according to
their own local priorities and procedures, making it difficult to
develop and maintain accurate activity durations for management
purposes.
DHS shared the TWIC pilot schedule with GAO on multiple occasions and
incorporated many of GAO's recommendations during the audit review
period. DHS has identified all tasks, estimated durations, and
relationships necessary to gather sufficient data and establish a
critical path to develop the final pilot report. A common set of tasks
has been repeated for all pilot participants when applicable, however
the expenditure of grant funds to meet the schedule is reliant on the
voluntary participants meeting these tasks and timeframes. DHS uses the
schedule as a management tool to assess the overall progress of each
participant, focusing outreach and coordination efforts on the
completion of key tasks when risks to the critical path are identified
through constant monitoring. DHS will continue to update and improve
the schedule as new information becomes available during our ongoing,
regular dialogue with pilot participants.
GAO Recommendation 3: "To ensure that information needed to assess the
technical, business, and operational impacts of deploying TWIC
biometric card readers at MTSA regulated facilities and vessels is
acquired prior to the development of the card reader rule, TSA and the
U.S. Coast Guard should: (1) develop an evaluation plan to guide the
remainder of the pilot that includes performance standards, a clearly
articulated evaluation methodology”-including the unit of analysis and
criteria-”and a data analysis plan..."
DHS Concurs: DHS continues to mature the evaluation plan to guide
implementation of the pilot.
DHS recognizes the importance of thoroughly assessing the technical,
business, and operational impacts of deploying TWIC biometric card
readers at MTSA regulated facilities and vessels. DHS agrees that
documenting the procedures for using pilot data to evaluate these
impacts will be worthwhile and timely as we fully expand pilot testing
to the field in the coming months. This will allow TSA and the Coast
Guard to make any necessary corrections for potential data shortfalls
and result in a well-informed rulemaking effort. The Coast Guard and
TSA will use OMB Circular A-4, CEQ (NEPA) guidance, and Small Business
Administration guidance to inform and develop a baseline data analysis
plan to be used for the rulemaking.
GAO Recommendation 4: "...and identify how they will compensate for
areas where the TWIC reader pilot will not provide the necessary
information needed to report to Congress and implement the card reader
rule. The information to be collected and approach for obtaining and
evaluating information obtained through this effort should be
documented as part of an evaluation plan. At a minimum, areas for
further review include the potential requirements identified in the
TWIC Reader Advanced Notice of Proposed Rule Making but not addressed
by the pilot. Sources of the information to consider include
investigating the possibility of using information resulting from the
deployment of TWIC readers at non-pilot port facilities to help inform
the development of the card reader rule."
DHS Concurs: DHS intends to augment the data and leverage both the
pilot and supplemental data.
In selecting pilot participants, DHS has attempted to ensure that the
breadth of MTSA-regulated facilities and vessels are adequately
represented. Currently 9 diverse geographic regions are represented in
the pilot. Among terminal facilities, there are 8 container operations,
7 bulk cargo operations, 5 petroleum/chemical operations, three
passenger terminal operations, 13 operations with significant truck
traffic, and four operations with rail traffic. Vessel operations
include one 17-vessel towboat operation, two small passenger vessel
operations, and one large passenger vessel operation.
TSA will incorporate data gathered from the initial sites volunteering
to participate in the test by identifying additional facilities (e.g.,
APM Virginia Terminals in Portsmouth, Virginia and the Port of
Wilmington in Wilmington, Delaware) as either potential full pilot
participants, or as contributors who would document their experience
introducing TWIC readers apart from the pilot. In cases where an
initial pilot participant withdrew from the test TSA has been diligent
in finding a suitable replacement if the loss would leave an operation
untested. This was the case when Clipper Navigation in Seattle replaced
the Catalina Express in Long Beach. Both represent significant high-
speed ferry operations, which we believed were critical to the pilot.
Sincerely,
Signed by:
Jerald E. Levine:
Director:
Departmental GAO/OIG Liaison Office:
[End of section]
Appendix VII: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments:
GAO Contact:
Stephen M. Lord at (202) 512-4379 or at lords@gao.gov:
Staff Acknowledgments:
In addition to the contact named above, David Bruno (Assistant
Director), Joseph P. Cruz (analyst-in-charge), Chuck Bausell, Tim
Boatwright, Geoffrey Hamilton, Richard Hung, Lemuel Jackson, Daniel
Kaneshiro, Stan Kostyla, Jason Lee, Linda Miller, Karen Richey, Julie
E. Silvers, and Sally Williamson made key contributions to this report.
[End of section]
Footnotes:
[1] For the purposes of this report, the term maritime transportation
facilities refers to seaports, inland ports, offshore facilities, and
facilities located on the grounds of ports.
[2] GAO, Port Security: Better Planning Needed to Develop and Operate
Maritime Worker Identification Card Program, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-05-106] (Washington, D.C.: Dec. 10,
2004); GAO, Transportation Security: DHS Should Address Key Challenges
before Implementing the Transportation Worker Identification Credential
Program, [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-06-982]
(Washington, D.C.: Sept. 29, 2006); GAO, Transportation Security: TSA
Has Made Progress in Implementing the Transportation Worker
Identification Credential, but Challenges Remain, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-07-681T] (Washington, D.C.: Apr. 12,
2007); GAO, Transportation Security: TSA Has Made Progress in
Implementing the Transportation Worker Identification Credential
Program, but Challenges Remain, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-133T] (Washington, D.C.: Oct. 31,
2007), and GAO, Transportation Security: Transportation Worker
Identification Credential: A Status Update, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-1151T] (Washington, D.C.: Sept. 17,
2008).
[3] DHS's Screening Coordination Office was established in 2006 to
coordinate and harmonize the numerous and disparate credentialing and
screening initiatives within DHS. With the TWIC program, the Screening
Coordination Office facilitates coordination among various DHS
components involved in TWIC, such as the Transportation Security
Administration and the Coast Guard, as well as the U.S. Citizenship and
Immigration Services, which personalizes the credentials, the Federal
Emergency Management Agency, which administers the grant funds in
support of the TWIC program, and the DHS Science and Technology
Directorate, which contributed to the assessment of using TWIC.
[4] Biometrics refers to technologies that measure and analyze human
body characteristics--such as fingerprints, eye retinas and irises,
voice patterns, facial patterns, and hand measurements--for
authentication purposes.
[5] Biographic information collected includes, for example, a TWIC
holder's name and date of birth. According to Coast Guard guidance, a
secure area is an area that has security measures in place for access
control. For most maritime facilities, the secure area is generally any
place inside the outer-most access control point. For a vessel or outer
continental shelf facility, such as off-shore petroleum or gas
production facilities, the secure area is generally the whole vessel or
facility. A restricted area is a part of a secure area that needs more
limited access and higher security. Under the Maritime Transportation
Security Act of 2002 (Pub. L. No. 107-295,116 Stat. 2064 (2002))
implementing regulations, an owner/operator must designate certain
specified types of areas as restricted. For example, storage areas for
cargo are restricted areas under Coast Guard regulations.
[6] The credential rule (72 Fed. Reg. 3492 (2007)) established that all
maritime workers requiring unescorted access to secure areas of MTSA-
regulated facilities and vessels were expected to hold TWICs by
September 25, 2008, but the final compliance date was extended to April
15, 2009, pursuant to 73 Fed. Reg. 25562 (2008).
[7] The Federal Emergency Management Agency provided funding for the
TWIC pilot participants through federal grants for fiscal years 2006
and 2007. Also, examples of potential requirements being considered as
part of the regulation were proposed in an advanced notice of proposed
rulemaking issued by the Coast Guard on March 27, 2009, and are listed
in appendix V of this report.
[8] [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-1151T].
[9] Pub. L. No. 107-295, 116 Stat. 2064 (2002), as amended by Pub. L.
No 109-347, 120 Stat. 1884 (2006).
[10] See, for example, Navigation and Vessel Inspection Circular Number
03-07: Guidance for the Implementation of the Transportation Worker
Identification Credential Program in the Maritime Sector (Washington,
DC.: July 2, 2007); Commandant Instruction M16601.01: Coast Guard
Transportation Worker Identification Credential Verification and
Enforcement Guide (Washington, D.C.: Oct. 10, 2008); Federal
Information Processing Standards (FIPS) Pub 200, Minimum Security
Requirements for Federal Information and Information Systems,
(Gaithersburg, Md., March 2006); National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) Special Publication 800-53, Recommended Security
Controls for Federal Information Systems (Gaithersburg, Md.: December
2007); and NIST Special Publication 800-34, Contingency Planning Guide
for Information Technology Systems (Washington, D.C.: June 2002).
[11] See, for example, FIPS Pub 200, Minimum Security Requirements for
Federal Information and Information Systems (Gaithersburg, Md., March
2006); NIST Special Publication 800-53, Recommended Security Controls
for Federal Information Systems (Gaithersburg, Md.: December 2007);
NIST Special Publication 800-34, Contingency Planning Guide for
Information Technology Systems (Washington, D.C.: June 2002) and
[hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO/AIMD-00-21.3.1], Standards
for Internal Control in the Federal Government (Washington, D.C.: Nov.
1999).
[12] GAO, Port Security: Better Planning Needed to Develop and Operate
Maritime Worker Identification Card Program, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-05-106] (Washington, D.C.: Dec. 10,
2004); GAO, Transportation Security: DHS Should Address Key Challenges
before Implementing the Transportation Worker Identification Credential
Program, [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-06-982]
(Washington, D.C.: Sept. 29, 2006); Transportation Security: TSA Has
Made Progress in Implementing the Transportation Worker Identification
Credential, but Challenges Remain, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-07-681T] (Washington, D.C.: Apr. 12,
2007); Transportation Security: TSA Has Made Progress in Implementing
the Transportation Worker Identification Credential Program, but
Challenges Remain, [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-133T]
(Washington, D.C.: Oct. 31, 2007), and GAO, Transportation Security:
Transportation Worker Identification Credential: A Status Update,
[hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-1151T] (Washington,
D.C.: Sept. 17, 2008).
[13] OMB, Circular A-11, Preparation, Submission, and Execution of the
Budget (July 2007); Circular A-130, Management of Federal Information
Resources (Nov. 28, 2000); and Circular A-4, Regulatory Analysis
(Revised Sept. 17, 2003).
[14] See for example, GAO, Cost Estimating and Assessment Guide,
[hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-3SP] (Washington, D.C.:
March 2009); GAO, Tax Administration: IRS Needs to Strengthen Its
Approach for Evaluating the SRFMI Data-Sharing Pilot Program,
[hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-45] (Washington, D.C.:
Nov. 7, 2008); GAO, Designing Evaluations, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO/PEMD-10.1.4] (Washington, D.C.: May
1991); and GAO/AIMD-00-21.3.1 Standards for Internal Control in the
Federal Government (Washington, D.C.: Nov. 1999); GAO, Results-Oriented
Government: Practices That Can Help Enhance and Sustain Collaboration
among Federal Agencies, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-06-15] (Washington, D.C.: October
2005); GAO, Homeland Security: US-VISIT Program Faces Operational,
Technological, and Management Challenges, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-07-632T] (Washington, D.C. Mar. 20,
2007); and GAO, Information Technology Management: Governmentwide
Strategic Planning, Performance Measurement, and Investment Management
Can Be Further Improved, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-04-49] (Washington, D.C. Jan. 12,
2004).
[15] See for example, Project Management Institute's A Guide to the
Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide), 4th ed. (Newton
Square, Pa.: 2008); and Carnegie Mellon's Capability Maturity Model
Integration (CMMIŽ)--CMMI is registered with the U.S. Patent and
Trademark Office by Carnegie Mellon University.
[16] [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-3SP].
[17] 74 Fed. Reg. 13360 (2009). An advanced notice of proposed
rulemaking is published in the Federal Register and contains notices to
the public of the proposed issuance of rules and regulations. The
purpose of this advanced notice of proposed rulemaking was to encourage
the discussion of potential TWIC reader requirements prior to the
rulemaking process.
[18] Pub. L. No. 107-71, 115 Stat. 597 (2001).
[19] TSA was transferred from the Department of Transportation to DHS
pursuant to requirements in the Homeland Security Act enacted on
November 25, 2002 (Pub. L. No. 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135 (2002)).
[20] Pub. L. No. 107-295, 116 Stat. 2064 (2002).
[21] Pub. L. No. 109-347, 120 Stat. 1884 (2006).
[22] Figure based on $132.50 fee per TWIC.
[23] Each TWIC card has a personal identification number (PIN) selected
by the TWIC holder at enrollment. This PIN can be used to verify the
identity of a TWIC holder against the TWIC. Further, MTSA-regulated
facilities and vessels may require TWIC users to use the PIN to unlock
biographic information in a TWIC card, such as the TWIC holder's
picture.
[24] The pilot initiation date is based on the first date of testing
identified in the TWIC pilot schedule. This date is not inclusive of
time taken for planning the pilot prior to the first test. The SAFE
Port Act required the pilot to commence no later than 180 days after
the date of enactment of the SAFE Port Act (October 13, 2006).
[25] See [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-06-982].
[26] As part of DHS's comments on a draft of this report, they noted
that the list of pilot participants has changed since the conclusion of
this review due to participants withdrawing and the U.S. Coast Guard
subsequently adding participants to fill identified gaps.
[27] Four readers are to undergo the ITT functional testing and four
readers undergo ITT environmental testing, with no reader being
required to undergo both functional and environmental testing. ITT full
functional testing, or Functional Specification Conformance Test, is to
be an evaluation of readers based on their ability to meet the TWIC
specifications using thirty-one points of evaluation. As a result of
this evaluation, the testing agent is to provide a report to TSA on
test metrics collected during functional testing to identify any
functional or security problems related to reader performance. ITT full
environmental testing, or Environmental Specification Conformance Test,
is to include a series of tests to evaluate the card reader's ability
to operate in the expected electrical and environmental conditions
which exist in the Coastal Ports of the United States of America--such
as humidity, salt fog, and dust.
[28] [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-1151T]. The
estimate of TWIC enrollees went from the 770,000 workers identified in
January 2007 to an estimated 1.2 million--nearly double the original
estimate.
[29] The contractor is responsible for establishing and operating
enrollment centers, providing trusted agents to operate enrollment and
issuance centers, and providing operations, management and
administrative support for the TWIC. While TWIC had a national
compliance date of April 15, 2009, TSA and the Coast Guard established
a rolling compliance approach, whereby they required affected
facilities to comply with TWIC requirements ahead of the national
compliance date on a staggered basis by Captain of the Port Zones. A
Captain of the Port Zone is a geographic area for which a Coast Guard
Captain of the Port retains authority with regard to enforcement of
port safety, security, and marine environmental protection regulations.
There are 42 such zones in the United States.
[30] Trusted Agents (TA) are contractor personnel who possess TWICs and
are trained and authorized to collect information and process TWIC
enrollments and card activations.
[31] The Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, ranked first and second
out of 124 container ports respectively, have a combined total volume
of 74,174,576 metric tons. See USDOT Maritime Administration, U.S.
Waterborne Foreign Container Trade by U.S. Custom Ports (Updated 04/01/
09).
[32] According to TSA officials, of the TWIC cards that had not been
activated as of April 17, 2009--2 days after the national compliance
deadline--129,090 cards were available for activations, but had not
been picked up and activated by the TWIC user. Additionally, 7,629
cards were in transit to the enrollment centers; 10,739 cards were in
printing or in transit for printing; 10,506 cards were being processed
at the Annapolis Junction data center facility; and 47,907 cards were
in process with pending data. TSA's figures do not account for the
status of 8,634 of the 214,505 enrollments in question.
[33] In anticipation of the December 1, 2008, TWIC compliance date
originally set for the Port of Baltimore, Coast Guard Sector Baltimore,
and the Maryland Ports Administration terminals embarked on a
coordinated public relations campaign alerting port workers of the
upcoming compliance date. When TSA moved the local compliance date back
a month to December 30, 2008, the Coast Guard and Maryland Ports
Administration officials decided to go forward with the December 1,
2008, date as the date they would begin checking for TWIC cards at the
entrance to port facilities.
[34] Under TSA implementing regulations, TSA may issue a waiver of
specified provisions relating to, for example, certain disqualifying
criminal offenses, and grant a TWIC if TSA determines that an applicant
does not pose a security threat based on a review of required
information.
[35] National Employment Law Project, "TWIC Program Reform Prior to
April 15, 2009 Compliance Date." Letter to the Chairman of the House
Homeland Security Committee and Chairwoman of the Subcommittee on
Border, Maritime, and Global Counterterrorism. January 28, 2009.
[36] TSA reports that as of June 16, 2009, a total of 13,148 TWIC
enrollees were issued initial disqualification letters but did not
respond within the allowable 60-day time frame. As a result, their
applications were converted to a final determination of threat
assessment and the enrollee was denied a TWIC.
[37] The October 21, 2008, power outage resulted in the postponement of
several TWIC compliance dates originally scheduled for October 31,
2008, in the Captain of the Port Zones of Buffalo, New York; Duluth,
Minnesota; Detroit and Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan; and Lake Michigan.
[38] MTSA-regulated facilities and vessels may require TWIC users to
use the PIN to unlock information in a TWIC card, such as the TWIC
holder's picture, to verify the identity of a TWIC holder against the
TWIC.
[39] Calculation based on the TSA reported figure of production costs
being approximately $20 per card: 1,246 cards × $20 = $24,920
approximate cost to the government for TWIC reprints. According to TSA
officials, the government has not spent any money on TWIC replacement
and related costs, such as providing additional service through the
TWIC help desk for a TWIC user to request a new TWIC, shipping the
replacement cards to enrollment centers, issuance and activation, and
using the time of trusted agents to activate the replacement TWICs.
This is because to date, the contractor has absorbed the cost of TWIC
replacement and TSA has not yet compensated the contractor for these
services. According to TSA officials, the contractor has submitted an
adjustment request to TSA to recover its costs for replacing the TWICs.
However, at this time, the request and amount to be paid by TSA remains
to be negotiated and approved.
[40] Calculation based on TWIC card issuance figures reported by TSA
and the Coast Guard in the TWIC Rule 1 regulatory impact analysis: the
estimate assumes that on average each worker takes 1.5 hours to travel
to and from a center to activate a TWIC. At an hourly wage of $29.09,
it would cost $43.64 per individual to activate a TWIC. For 1,246
cards, it would cost the industry approximately $54,375 for reprints.
[41] TSA officials state that based on current trend analysis data they
believe that the number of TWICs to be reissued due to the power outage
will be much less than the 410,000 TWICs potentially affected. However,
they do not know if the trend and use of PINs will increase once more
facilities and vessels begin to use TWIC readers, or once a rule on the
use of TWIC with biometric card readers is issued.
[42] 410,000 cards × $20 = $8,200,000 (cost to government); 410,000
cards × $43.64 = $17,892,400 (cost to industry); $8,200,000 +
$17,892,400 = $26,092,400 or approximately $26 million in total costs
to government and industry.
[43] FIPS Pub 200, Minimum Security Requirements for Federal
Information and Information Systems (Gaithersburg, Maryland, March
2006); NIST Special Publication 800-53, Recommended Security Controls
for Federal Information Systems, (Gaithersburg, Maryland: December
2007); NIST Special Publication 800-34, Contingency Planning Guide for
Information Technology Systems (Washington, D.C.: June 2002);
[hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO/AIMD-00-21.3.1], Standards
for Internal Control in the Federal Government (Washington, D.C.: Nov.
1999). Contingency planning refers to interim measures to recover
information technology services following an emergency or system
disruption.
[44] The purpose of a contingency plan is to provide procedures and
capabilities for recovering a major application or general support
system. The purpose of a disaster recovery plan is to provide detailed
procedures to facilitate recovery of capabilities at an alternate site.
These plans generally identify the procedures and systems to be used
during recovery efforts.
[45] See Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General,
Office of Information Technology, DHS Must Address Significant Security
Vulnerabilities Prior To TWIC Implementation (Redacted), DHS/OIG-06-47
(Washington, D.C.: July 7, 2006).
[46] The Port of New York and New Jersey is the third largest container
port in the country with a total container volume of 31,308,727 metric
tons. The Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, which ranked first and
second out of 124 ports respectively, have a combined total volume of
74,174,576 metric tons.
[47] In accordance with a policy advisory council decision, an
individual without a TWIC, who showed proof of enrollment and
successfully passed the TSA TWIC security threat assessment and
presented an identification meeting the requirements of 33 C.F.R. §
101.515, was eligible for access to a MTSA-regulated facility.
[48] These Captain of the Port Zones were: Guam; Houston-Galveston,
Texas; Port Arthur, Texas; Los Angeles-Long Beach, California; and San
Juan, Puerto Rico.
[49] The Coast Guard's compliance reports did not account for the
remaining 11 individuals.
[50] The Coast Guard's compliance reports did not account for the
remaining 17 individuals.
[51] The Clean Trucks Program at the ports of Long Beach and Los
Angeles aims to reduce air pollution from trucks at the port by placing
special restrictions on the trucks used for transporting shipments on
land.
[52] See, for example, GAO, DOD Business Systems Modernization: Key
Marine Corps System Acquisition Needs to Be Better Justified, Defined,
and Managed, [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-822]
(Washington, D.C.: July 28, 2008); Information Technology: FBI
Following a Number of Key Acquisition Practices on New Case Management
System, but Improvements Still Needed, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-07-912] (Washington, D.C.: July 30,
2007).
[53] See, for example, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-3SP]; and OMB, Capital Programming
Guide V 2.0, Supplement to Office of Management and Budget Circular A-
11, Part 7: Planning, Budgeting, and Acquisition of Capital Assets
(Washington, D.C.: June 2006).
[54] See, for example, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-3SP]; Project Management Institute,
A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge; and Carnegie
Mellon's Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMIŽ).
[55] [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-3SP].
[56] Float is the amount of times an activity can slip before affecting
the critical path.
[57] The TWIC pilot is currently in the second of three phases, with
plans to be completed by October 4, 2010. This date is 5 months beyond
the April 2010 date for reporting to Congress on the results of the
pilot. Given the stage of the pilot and reporting time frames, it would
not be practical for TSA to develop a workforce plan at this time.
[58] See, for example, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-3SP]; Project Management Institute,
A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge; and Carnegie
Mellon's Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMIŽ).
[59] FEMA requires projects funded through federal grants to conduct an
evaluation of the likely environmental effects of projects they propose
using. According to FEMA officials, all projects funded through FEMA
currently require an Environmental Historical Preservation (EHP)
review. These reviews take place post-award and must be completed and
approved by FEMA. There are generally three categories of review:
Category A projects that have little or no potential for causing a
historical or environmental impact; Category B projects that have
moderate potential for causing a historical or environmental impact;
and Category C projects that have great potential for causing a
historical or environmental impact. Each category requires a different
level of information and associated activities to complete the review.
Category A reviews require the least information and related activities
to complete and seldom require additional information from grantees.
Category B and C reviews require more information from grantees, such
as diagrams and engineering information, which require a greater level
of effort (e.g., greater number of activities) from grantees and FEMA
than a Category A review.
[60] See, for example, Project Management Institute, A Guide to the
Project Management Body of Knowledge; and Carnegie Mellon's Capability
Maturity Model Integration (CMMIŽ).
[61] See, for example, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-3SP]; Project Management Institute,
A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge; and Carnegie
Mellon's Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMIŽ).
[62] The TWIC reader pilot, as defined in the SAFE Port Act of 2006, is
to test the business processes, technology, and operational impacts
required to deploy transportation security card readers at secure areas
of the marine transportation system. The pilot program is to take place
at not fewer than five distinct geographic locations and to include
vessels and facilities in a variety of environmental settings.
Furthermore, DHS is to report on the following results from the TWIC
reader pilot: (1) the findings of the pilot program with respect to
technical and operational impacts of implementing a transportation
security card reader system; (2) any actions that may be necessary to
ensure that all vessels and facilities to which this section applies
are able to comply with such regulations; and (3) an analysis of the
viability of equipment under the extreme weather conditions of the
marine environment.
[63] The regulation requiring the use of a TWIC for accessing MTSA-
regulated facilities and vessels was issued on January 25, 2007.
[64] OMB Circular A-4, Regulatory Analysis (Revised Sept. 17, 2003).
[65] See, for example, Carnegie Mellon's Capability Maturity Model
Integration (CMMIŽ). CMMI is registered with the U.S. Patent and
Trademark Office by Carnegie Mellon University. Specifically, CMMI
identifies typical work products of pilots to include evaluation
reports and documented lessons learned. Among other practices, CMMI
identifies defining criteria for evaluating pilot results as a critical
when planning for a pilot.
[66] GAO, Designing Evaluations, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO/PEMD-10.1.4] (Washington, D.C.: May
1991).
[67] [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-45]. Specifically,
in GAO-09-45 we reported that a sound, well-developed and documented
evaluation plan includes, at a minimum: (1) well-defined, clear, and
measurable objectives; (2) criteria or standards for determining pilot-
program performance; (3) clearly articulated methodology, including
sound sampling methods, determination of appropriate sample size for
the evaluation design, and a strategy for comparing the pilot results
with other efforts; (4) a clear plan that details the type and source
of data necessary to evaluate the pilot, methods for data collection,
and the timing and frequency of data collection; and (5) a detailed
data analysis plan to track the program's performance and evaluate the
final results of the project.
[68] Approved in December 2007, this plan stipulated that an integrated
test and evaluation program plan would be developed for the TWIC pilot
test. However, instead of developing a single test and evaluation plan
for the entire pilot, TSA and Coast Guard officials stated that the
separate test plans for each of the three phases of the pilot--initial
technical testing, early operational assessment, and system test and
evaluation--would together make up the integrated test and evaluation
program plan. In March 2009, TSA finalized and approved its test plans
for the first two phases of the pilot--the initial technical test phase
and the early operational assessment phase. TSA has not yet finalized
and approved the test plan for the third and final phase of the pilot-
-system test and evaluation.
[69] Reliability refers to the consistency of results when information
is measured or tested and includes the concepts of being verifiable or
supported.
[70] GAO, Quantitative Data Analysis: An Introduction, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO/PEMD-10.1.11] (Washington, D.C.: June
1992).
[71] [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO/PEMD-10.1.11].
[72] To select pilot participants, TSA relied on a pool of candidates
that submitted applications for federal port security or transit
security grants. In the cases of the Port Authority of New York and New
Jersey, the Port of Los Angeles, the Port of Long Beach, and the Port
of Brownsville, the grant recipient selected is the port entity its
self and not specific facilities or vessels operating at the port.
Specific MTSA-regulated facilities and vessels to each port were
subsequently selected and agreed to participate in the pilot based on
TSA, Coast Guard, and DHS input.
[73] For example, Carnegie Mellon's Capability Maturity Model
Integration (CMMIŽ) identifies performing pilots in an environment that
is characteristic of the environment present in a broadscale deployment
as a practice for pilot process and technology improvements. CMMI is
registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office by Carnegie Mellon
University.
[74] An ANPRM is published in the Federal Register and contains notices
to the public of the proposed issuance of rules and regulations. The
purpose of this ANPRM was to encourage the discussion of potential TWIC
reader requirements prior to the rulemaking process.
[75] GAO selected the 27 potential requirements evaluated based on our
review of the TWIC program, review of maritime industry comments on the
ANPRM, and conversations with TSA, the Coast Guard, and pilot
participants regarding their experiences with TWIC and the likelihood
that the requirements would be strongly considered as part of the
proposed regulation on using TWICs with biometric card readers. The 27
requirements are representative of the logical groupings presented in
the ANPRM for consideration. The 27 requirements, however, do not
represent all requirements identified in the ANPRM, such as testing for
each facility and vessel type by assigned risk level. Additionally, the
requirements could be further summarized. Also, additional requirements
could be under consideration by the Coast Guard that were not presented
in the ANPRM.
[76] As stated in the ANPRM, the facilities in the highest risk group
include the facilities that are subject to 33 C.F.R. part 104,
including (1) facilities that handle certain dangerous cargoes in bulk;
(2) facilities that receive vessels certified to carry more than 1,000
passengers; and (3) barge fleeting facilities that receive barges
carrying certain dangerous cargoes in bulk.
[77] The ANPRM contained a table of potential reader requirements
summarizing the requirements Coast Guard is considering for each risk
group.
[78] See [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-45].
[79] See, for example, OMB Circular A-4, Regulatory Analysis (Revised
Sept. 17, 2003); SBA Office of Advocacy, A Guide for Government
Agencies: How to Comply with the Regulatory Flexibility Act (May 2003).
[80] See, for example, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO/PEMD-10.1.11]; [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-45]; and [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO/PEMD-10.1.4].
[81] Pub. L. No. 107-295, 116 Stat. 2064 (2002).
[82] Pub. L. No. 109-347, 120 Stat. 1884 (2006).
[83] See, for example, Navigation and Vessel Inspection Circular Number
03-07: Guidance for the Implementation of the Transportation Worker
Identification Credential Program in the Maritime Sector (Washington,
D.C.: July 2, 2007); Commandant Instruction M16601.01: Coast Guard
Transportation Worker Identification Credential Verification and
Enforcement Guide (Washington, D.C.: Oct. 10, 2008).
[84] See, for example, FIPS Pub 200, Minimum Security Requirements for
Federal Information and Information Systems (Gaithersburg, Md., March
2006); NIST Special Publication 800-53, Recommended Security Controls
for Federal Information Systems (Gaithersburg, Md.: December 2007);
NIST Special Publication 800-34, Contingency Planning Guide for
Information Technology Systems (Washington, D.C.: June 2002) and
[hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO/AIMD-00-21.3.1], Standards
for Internal Control in the Federal Government (Washington, D.C.: Nov.
1999).
[85] GAO, Port Security: Better Planning Needed to Develop and Operate
Maritime Worker Identification Card Program, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-05-106] (Washington, D.C.: Dec. 10,
2004); GAO, Transportation Security: DHS Should Address Key Challenges
before Implementing the Transportation Worker Identification Credential
Program, [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-06-982]
(Washington, D.C.: Sept. 29, 2006); GAO, Transportation Security: TSA
Has Made Progress in Implementing the Transportation Worker
Identification Credential, but Challenges Remain, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-07-681T] (Washington, D.C.: Apr. 12,
2007); GAO, Transportation Security: TSA Has Made Progress in
Implementing the Transportation Worker Identification Credential
Program, but Challenges Remain, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-133T] (Washington, D.C.: Oct. 31,
2007), and GAO, Transportation Security: Transportation Worker
Identification Credential: A Status Update, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-1151T] (Washington, D.C.: Sept. 17,
2008).
[86] OMB, Circular A-11, Preparation, Submission, and Execution of the
Budget (July 2007); Circular A-130, Management of Federal Information
Resources (Nov. 28, 2000); and Circular A-4, Regulatory Analysis,
(Revised Sept. 17, 2003).
[87] See for example, GAO, Cost Estimating and Assessment Guide,
[hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-3SP] (Washington, D.C.:
March 2009); [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-45], Tax
Administration: IRS Needs to Strengthen Its Approach for Evaluating the
SRFMI Data-Sharing Pilot Program, (Washington, D.C.: Nov. 7, 2008);
GAO, Designing Evaluations, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO/PEMD-10.1.4] (Washington, D.C.: May
1991); and [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO/AIMD-00-21.3.1]
Standards for Internal Control in the Federal Government (Washington,
D.C.: Nov. 1999). GAO, Results-Oriented Government: Practices That Can
Help Enhance and Sustain Collaboration among Federal Agencies,
[hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-06-15] (Washington, D.C.:
October 2005); GAO, Homeland Security: US-VISIT Program Faces
Operational, Technological, and Management Challenges, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-07-632T] (Washington, D.C. Mar. 20,
2007); and GAO, Information Technology Management: Governmentwide
Strategic Planning, Performance Measurement, and Investment Management
Can Be Further Improved, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-04-49] (Washington, D.C. Jan. 12,
2004).
[88] See for example, Project Management Institute's A Guide to the
Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide), 4th ed. (Newton
Square, Pa.: 2008); and Carnegie Mellon's Capability Maturity Model
Integration (CMMIŽ)--CMMI is registered with the U.S. Patent and
Trademark Office by Carnegie Mellon University.
[End of section]
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