Military and Veterans' Benefits
Improvements Needed in Transition Assistance Services for Reserves and National Guard Gao ID: GAO-05-844T June 29, 2005The increased role of the armed forces in military operations around the world, and the greater reliance on the Reserves and National Guard, has focused national attention on what is done to help service members transition to civilian life. GAO was asked to testify on its May 2005 report Military and Veterans' Benefits: Enhanced Services Could Improve Transition Assistance for Reserves and National Guard (GAO-05-544) and to highlight its concerns about TAP for the Reserves and National Guard. That report (1) assessed TAP administration, including program participation, and (2) identified actions agencies are taking and challenges they face in improving TAP.
Jointly administered by the Departments of Defense (DOD), Labor (DOL), and Veterans Affairs (VA), the transition assistance program (TAP) is intended to help service men and women successfully adjust to civilian life after serving in the military. Originally created in 1990, TAP is composed of four components that are coordinated through meetings of TAP managers and interagency agreements. In fiscal year 2004, about 309,000 service members were released from active duty after serving at least 180 days and were eligible for TAP, including about 38 percent who were members of the Reserves and National Guard. Both the method of delivery and level of participation in the program components vary. Notably, few members of the Reserves and National Guard have time to attend most of TAP. Because they demobilize within days after returning from overseas, members of the Reserves and National Guard participate in an abbreviated version of some components and generally do not have time for any employment preparation. Participation of service members in the Disabled TAP component is unknown because VA does not track this information. DOD, DOL, and VA have taken actions to improve TAP's content and increase participation among full-time active duty service members. However, they continue to face challenges serving Reserve and National Guard members because of their rapid demobilization. To improve program content, the agencies have updated, or plan to update, their manuals, forms, and briefing materials. To increase participation, DOL and VA provide some employment workshops and veterans' benefits briefings overseas, and DOD is considering a policy change that would mandate participation in all components. While the agencies have not assessed when and where to offer TAP for members of the Reserves and National Guard, DOL has pilot programs in three states that will offer employment workshops after members return home.
GAO-05-844T, Military and Veterans' Benefits: Improvements Needed in Transition Assistance Services for Reserves and National Guard
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Testimony before the Subcommittee on Economic Opportunity,
Committee on Veterans' Affairs,
House of Representatives:
United States Government Accountability Office:
GAO:
For Release on Delivery Expected at 2:00 p.m. EDT:
Wednesday, June 29, 2005:
Military And Veterans' Benefits:
Improvements Needed in Transition Assistance Services for Reserves and
National Guard:
Statement of Cynthia Bascetta, Director, Education, Workforce, and
Income Security Issues:
GAO-05-844T:
GAO Highlights:
Highlights of GAO-05-844T, a testimony to the Subcommittee on Economic
Opportunity, Committee on Veterans' Affairs, U.S. House of
Representatives:
Why GAO Did This Study:
The increased role of the armed forces in military operations around
the world, and the greater reliance on the Reserves and National Guard,
has focused national attention on what is done to help service members
transition to civilian life. GAO was asked to testify on its May 2005
report Military and Veterans‘ Benefits: Enhanced Services Could
Improve Transition Assistance for Reserves and National Guard (GAO-05-
544) and to highlight its concerns about TAP for the Reserves and
National Guard. That report (1) assessed TAP administration, including
program participation, and (2) identified actions agencies are taking
and challenges they face in improving TAP.
What GAO Found:
Jointly administered by the Departments of Defense (DOD), Labor (DOL),
and Veterans Affairs (VA), the transition assistance program (TAP) is
intended to help service men and women successfully adjust to civilian
life after serving in the military. Originally created in 1990, TAP is
composed of four components that are coordinated through meetings of
TAP managers and interagency agreements. In fiscal year 2004, about
309,000 service members were released from active duty after serving at
least 180 days and were eligible for TAP, including about 38 percent
who were members of the Reserves and National Guard.
TAP Time Frames, Components, and Providers:
[See PDF for image]
[End of figure]
Both the method of delivery and level of participation in the program
components vary. Notably, few members of the Reserves and National
Guard have time to attend most of TAP. Because they demobilize within
days after returning from overseas, members of the Reserves and
National Guard participate in an abbreviated version of some components
and generally do not have time for any employment preparation.
Participation of service members in the Disabled TAP component is
unknown because VA does not track this information.
DOD, DOL, and VA have taken actions to improve TAP‘s content and
increase participation among full-time active duty service members.
However, they continue to face challenges serving Reserve and National
Guard members because of their rapid demobilization. To improve program
content, the agencies have updated, or plan to update, their manuals,
forms, and briefing materials. To increase participation, DOL and VA
provide some employment workshops and veterans‘ benefits briefings
overseas, and DOD is considering a policy change that would mandate
participation in all components. While the agencies have not assessed
when and where to offer TAP for members of the Reserves and National
Guard, DOL has pilot programs in three states that will offer
employment workshops after members return home.
What GAO Recommends:
To ensure that members of the Reserves and National Guard have the
opportunity to benefit from transition assistance, we recommended in
our report that DOD, in conjunction with the DOL and VA, determine what
demobilizing Reserve and National Guard members need to make a smooth
transition and explore options for providing that assistance. We also
recommended that VA keep track of service members who attend the
Disabled TAP component to ensure that adequate follow-up is possible
with this population, which may be in particular need of the services.
All three agencies concurred with our findings and recommendations.
www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-05-844T.
To view the full product, including the scope and methodology, click on
the link above. For more information, contact Cynthia A. Bascetta at
(202) 512-7101 or bascettac@gao.gov.
[End of section]
Mr. Chairman and Members of the Subcommittee:
I am pleased to be here today to discuss our review of transition
assistance for members of the armed forces, including members of the
Reserves and National Guard. The increased role of the armed forces in
military operations around the world, and the greater reliance on the
Reserves and National Guard, has focused national attention on what is
done to help service members successfully transition from the military
back to civilian life. Originally created in 1990, the transition
assistance program (TAP) has four components: (1) preseparation
counseling, (2) employment workshops, (3) briefings on veteran's
benefits, and (4) information for veterans with disabilities. Overall
these components provide a range of information on specific services
and benefits, including employment and relocation assistance, education
opportunities, health and life insurance, and financial planning.
Jointly administered under agreements among the Departments of Defense
(DOD), Labor (DOL), and Veterans Affairs (VA), TAP is intended to serve
military personnel who separate and members of the Reserves and
National Guard who are released after at least 180 days of active duty.
About 309,000 service members who left active military service met
these criteria in fiscal year 2004, including about 38 percent who were
Reserve and National Guard members.
As you requested, today I will discuss our recent report[Footnote 1] on
transition assistance, which (1) assesses TAP's administration,
including program participation and (2) identifies actions agencies are
taking and challenges they face in improving TAP. My comments highlight
concerns we identified regarding how transition assistance is being
provided to members of the Reserves and National Guard.
To develop the information for our report, we reviewed the legislative
history of TAP, its program materials, and participation statistics. We
also interviewed responsible officials from each of the three
administering agencies, the armed forces, Reserve Affairs, and the
National Guard Bureau.[Footnote 2] In addition, we visited Fort Bragg,
North Carolina, where many Army service members are sent after serving
in Afghanistan and Iraq. Our purpose was to observe TAP firsthand and
talk with those who participated, including members of the Army Reserve
and National Guard who were briefed during their demobilization. We
also used for reference the body of prior GAO work on related issues
shown at the end of this testimony. We conducted our work from December
2004 through April 2005 in accordance with generally accepted
government auditing standards.
In summary, we found variations in the delivery and participation in
the program components. Notably, few members of the Reserves and
National Guard had time to attend most of TAP. The delivery of TAP
varied in the amount of personal attention participants receive, the
length of the components, and the instructional methods used.
Participation also varied. For example, participation was higher for
the mandated preseparation counseling and generally lower for the
employment workshops, where attendance is voluntary. In addition, while
full-time active duty service members may participate in the full range
of TAP services, members of the Reserves and National Guard participate
in an abbreviated version of some components and generally receive no
employment preparation because they are often released from active duty
within days after they return from overseas. The agencies administering
TAP have taken actions to improve its content and increase
participation, but they continue to face challenges serving Reserve and
National Guard members because of their rapid demobilization. To
improve program content, the agencies have updated, or plan to update,
their manuals, forms, and other briefing materials, and DOL is
assessing its employment workshop curriculum using focus groups and
survey data. To increase participation, DOL and VA provide some
employment workshops and veterans' benefits briefings overseas, and DOD
is considering a policy change that would mandate participation in all
components. While the agencies have not assessed when and where to
offer TAP for members of the Reserves and National Guard, DOL has pilot
programs in three states that will offer employment workshops after the
members return home.
Background:
The role of the armed forces in the global war on terrorism and in
military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq has heightened concerns
about the assistance that these and other service members receive when
they transition back into civilian life. All service members who have
been on active duty for at least 180 days are eligible for TAP, and
those separating because of disability are eligible regardless of the
length of their active duty service.[Footnote 3]
About 309,000 servicemen and women separated from the military in
fiscal year 2004 with sufficient time on active duty to meet the TAP
eligibility criteria.[Footnote 4] Of these, about 192,000 were members
of the full-time active duty armed forces--the Air Force, Army, Navy,
or Marine Corps. The remaining 117,000 were members of the Reserves and
National Guard, many of whom had been employed in civilian occupations
before they were called to active duty. In recent years, more members
of the Reserves and National Guard have been called to active duty and
sent overseas than at any time since the Korean War. Further, the
number of days they spend on average in active duty status has doubled
since 1990, when TAP was established. DOD expects this trend to
continue through at least fiscal year 2007, with Reserves and National
Guard members serving on active duty for a year or more on average.
Each agency administering TAP is responsible for the content and
delivery of one of the program's four core components, as shown in
figure 1. In the first component, DOD provides preseparation
counseling, which includes a brief overview of available services and
benefits. Separating service members complete a checklist during this
component, certifying that they have been informed of the services
available to them and identifying any subsequent services they wish to
receive. The second component is an employment workshop conducted over
2 or 2 ½ days by certified facilitators following a DOL guide. The
third component covers veterans' benefits, including disability
compensation, and is often provided on the last day of the employment
workshop by VA. VA also conducts the fourth component--the Disabled
Transition Assistance Program (DTAP)---which offers information and
counseling, primarily on vocational rehabilitation and employment
options. Service members are required to attend preseparation
counseling by law; participation in the other components is voluntary,
unless DOD or the armed forces decide otherwise. For example,
participation in the employment workshop has been mandatory for those
separating from the Marine Corps since the policy went into effect in
December 2001.
Figure 1: TAP Time Frames, Components, and Providers:
[See PDF for image]
[End of figure]
Considerable time is set aside for the employment workshops. From 22 to
30 hours are scheduled for the delivery of all TAP components, with 16
to 20 hours devoted to the employment workshop. This emphasis on
preparation for civilian employment is consistent with the purpose of
TAP, which was designed to serve full-time active duty service members
who generally had little prior civilian employment experience and might
have difficulty transferring skills acquired in the military to the
civilian economy.
To facilitate interagency coordination and oversight, the administering
agencies established the TAP Steering Committee. Chaired by DOL, the
committee consists of TAP managers from each agency and each of the
armed forces. These TAP managers meet quarterly to discuss issues,
propose initiatives, and act as a sounding board. In addition, as
required by law, an interagency agreement called a memorandum of
understanding clarifies the roles and responsibilities of the agencies
involved in all components of transition assistance except
preseparation counseling, where DOD has sole responsibility. However,
separate DOD and armed forces guidelines establish the procedures
governing demobilization of Reserve and National Guard members.
Further, local installation commanders rather than TAP managers control
demobilization schedules.
Most benefits available to separating service members become available
once they have separated and are veterans. However, service members
must take specific actions while they are still on active duty to be
eligible for certain benefits. Changes enacted in 2004, for example,
permit Reserve and National Guard members called to active duty after
September 11, 2001, to obtain a year's worth of health insurance
coverage once they are released from active duty.[Footnote 5] However,
they must select coverage while on active duty and enroll within 180
days of release from active duty or forfeit their right to this
benefit. Similarly, to obtain certain education benefits under the
Montgomery GI Bill, members of the Reserves and National Guard must
apply for these benefits while still on active duty.
Delivery of the TAP components for most participants occurs at one of
the 215 transition offices located on military installations. However,
Reserve and National Guard members usually transition at fewer
locations, referred to as demobilization sites. Typically the
demobilization process is rapid, often occurring within a matter of a
few days once the service members arrive back in the United States from
overseas. During demobilization, service members may be expected to
participate in as many as 18 separate briefings on various topics, such
as legal and medical issues, and scheduled activities, such as physical
examinations.
TAP's Delivery and Participation Vary:
The delivery of TAP varies in the amount of personal attention
participants receive, the length of the components, and the
instructional methods used. Preseparation counseling, for example, may
take the form of individualized, one-on-one counseling sessions of an
hour or more, or it may take the form of group briefings, depending in
part on the time available and the numbers being counseled. Group
sessions are more common at large bases like those of the Army and
Marine Corps, where many individuals are separating. Also, the Army has
made use of technology and offers preseparation counseling at banks of
computers that use interactive programs and include headphones so that
participants can work independently and at their own pace. In the Navy,
TAP may take place on board ships rather than at military
installations. At some remote locations on land, TAP may be delivered
by video or telephone due to the lack of trained personnel on-site.
Participation in TAP also varies. For example, from fiscal year 2002
through 2004, the Army had about 229,000 service members attending
preseparation counseling--twice as many as any one of the other
services. During the same period, the number of Army Reserve and Army
National Guard members attending preseparation briefings at
demobilization increased more than ten-fold, from about 9,000 to about
93,000. While participation was higher for the mandated preseparation
counseling, it was generally lower for the employment workshops, where
attendance is voluntary. No data, however, are available regarding
participation in the VA components of TAP. Because the veterans'
benefits briefings are usually held on the last day of the employment
workshops, VA officials indicated that the participation rates for
their briefings should be about the same as the rates for the
employment workshops. Regarding DTAP, no data are available to
determine the number of eligible individuals, and VA's records do not
distinguish the number who participate in this component from the total
of all recipients of VA outreach briefings.[Footnote 6] To develop more
accurate program statistics, we recommended that VA keep track of
service members who attend DTAP to ensure that adequate follow-up is
possible with this population, which may be in particular need of the
services. VA responded that it is developing a system to track
attendance.
Because of their circumstances, particularly their rapid demobilization
timetables, many Reserve and National Guard members cannot take
advantage of TAP components offered to full-time active duty military
personnel and instead receive much shorter presentations as part of
large groups at demobilization briefings. For example, members of the
Reserves and National Guard may be offered a 45-minute veterans'
briefing by VA, while 3 to 4 hours of veterans' benefits briefing are
provided to other military personnel. Very few members of the Reserve
and National Guard are able to attend the 2 to 2 ½ days of employment
workshops, although they receive preseparation counseling. The TAP
managers with DOD and the military services explained that the chief
problem is the lack of time during demobilization, which is often
completed in 5 days. In addition, many of the service members are
anxious to return home and are not interested in prolonging their stay
to attend workshops. Further, many may have jobs at home that are being
held for them, so they may not need to attend the employment workshop.
However, employment information may be useful and relevant for those
Reserve and National Guard members whose businesses may have suffered
or gone into bankruptcy in their absence. Other service members may
have worked for companies that have gone out of business since their
active duty began, while others might prefer to find better jobs than
the ones they had before they went on active duty.
Many Actions Are Under Way to Improve TAP, but Challenges Remain in
Meeting the Needs of Reserves and National Guard:
Although several actions are under way or planned to improve TAP,
challenges remain, particularly in designing transition services that
better meet the needs of demobilizing Reserve and National Guard
members. DOD acknowledges that this presents several unique challenges,
that the service members have not been surveyed to determine how to
meet their needs, and that further study might suggest ways to address
the challenges, primarily in the logistics of when and where to offer
TAP.
Several Actions Directed at Improving Program Content:
To improve program content, the three agencies administering TAP have
plans to take, or have taken, actions to update their TAP manuals,
forms, and other briefing materials, including Internet sites. For
example, DOD is updating information and reconsidering the topics to be
covered during preseparation counseling, based on its assessment of the
differing needs of participants. As a result, DOD plans to eliminate
the "one size fits all" approach currently in place. For full-time
active duty service members, it has drafted an updated counseling
checklist, and to meet the needs of demobilizing Reserve and National
Guard members, it has drafted a separate counseling checklist tailored
to their circumstances.[Footnote 7] This new checklist provides benefit
information applicable to demobilizing Reserve and National Guard
members, such as reemployment rights, employer support, and loan
relief. DOD is taking the same approach to the revision of the
guidebook and other materials used in preseparation counseling in an
attempt to make the materials more relevant for Reserve and National
Guard members.
DOL and VA are also taking actions to improve the information they
provide on benefits and services available to separating service
members. DOL plans to use focus groups and survey data to assess the
strengths and weaknesses of its employment workshop curriculum in
serving the needs of all service members. VA has improved its marketing
activities by issuing pamphlets, brochures, a videotape, and a wallet-
size card with information on how to obtain further information about
VA health care and benefits. In addition, VA has developed a new
curriculum with video, slides, and a script for DTAP presenters to
follow. This standardized DTAP curriculum is intended to provide
extensive information on VA's vocational rehabilitation and employment
services. VA also issued a quick reference guide to present information
about vocational counseling, rehabilitation, and employment services
available to active duty service members as well as veterans with
service-connected disabilities. Along with this new effort, VA
continues its outreach campaign to contact all service members in need
of these services.
Actions Are Planned or Under Way to Increase Participation in TAP:
Several actions are also planned or under way to increase participation
in TAP. For instance, a draft DOD directive under consideration would
require all service members to attend the VA briefings and allow all
who indicate an interest to attend the employment workshops. This
policy change would be expected to improve program consistency,
increase overall program access, and encourage commanders to release
service members to attend TAP programs. In our review of TAP in
2002,[Footnote 8] we found that some service members faced difficulties
being released from military duties to attend TAP because of the
priority accorded their military mission or the lack of supervisory
support for TAP. In addition, DOL and VA are expanding the availability
of their employment workshops and veterans' benefit briefings by
offering them at some overseas bases where service members that are
likely to separate may access them. Further, the TAP managers with DOD
and the military services are discussing the development of a
centralized database that would automate and manage information on
service member participation in TAP. The new system would also provide
a means to analyze information specifically relevant to active duty or
to Reserve and National Guard service members.
Challenges Remain in Meeting the Needs of Reserve and National Guard
Service Members:
Despite the actions under way or planned to improve TAP, challenges
remain, particularly in designing transition services that better
accommodate the schedules of demobilizing Reserve and National Guard
service members. For example, staff who provide transition assistance
may not know when Reserve and National Guard units are returning for
demobilization, because national security concerns prevent the release
of information on the movement of large numbers of service members.
Moreover, the time schedules for demobilization vary by service and
demobilization site. Commanders are challenged with trying to balance
demobilizing some units while at the same time mobilizing others. They
also must balance getting Reserve and National Guard members back to
their families as quickly as possible with the extra time needed for
transition assistance. Table 1 describes some of the key differences in
circumstances between Reserve and National Guard members and others
separating that need to be considered.
Table 1: Circumstances of Reserve and National Guard Members Compared
with Those of Others Separating:
Demobilizing Reserve and National Guard members: During the
demobilization process, little or no time is available to address
transition assistance issues thoroughly;
Full-time active duty members: Most can begin accessing TAP services 12
months prior to separation or 24 months prior to retirement.
Demobilizing Reserve and National Guard members: Most are demobilized
at a location in which they do not work and live;
Full-time active duty members: Most attend TAP at the same location
where they work and live with their families.
Demobilizing Reserve and National Guard members: Some are likely to
have serious financial issues;
Full-time active duty members: Most do not have serious financial
issues.
Demobilizing Reserve and National Guard members: Most are anxious to
reunite with their families and reintegrate into the community; Full-
time active duty members: Reunion and reintegration are not issues for
most.
Source: TAP managers with DOD and the military services.
[End of table]
We found that during their rapid demobilization, Reserve and National
Guard members may not receive all the information on possible benefits
to which they are entitled. Notably, certain education benefits and
medical coverage require service members to apply while they are still
on active duty. However, even after being briefed, some Reserve and
National Guard members we spoke to did not know that they needed to
apply for certain benefits while still on active duty.
To deal with the logistical challenges, the TAP managers for DOD and
the military services told us that they are considering the option of
providing some TAP components to Reserves and National Guard members
after they have been demobilized. For instance, VA could present its
benefits briefing and DTAP, where applicable, during a scheduled drill
weekend, after the service members have been home for 45 to 60 days.
However, the TAP managers told us they did not know how many Reserves
and National Guard members might be interested and able to attend such
activities. They also believed such an option would require additional
resources and a directive that Reserve and National Guard commanders
allow sufficient time for staff to provide the transition assistance.
Meanwhile, DOL officials told us that the agency was involved in three
state pilot programs that will offer a version of the employment
workshops to the Reserve and National Guard after they have been
released from active duty and have returned home. The pilot programs
should provide DOL with a better understanding of what is needed to
ensure that the employment workshops meet the needs of Reserve and
National Guard members.
The men and women who serve in our armed forces, particularly now that
the U.S. military has increased its presence in contingency operations
around the world, put their lives on the line every day. For this
reason, it is important that the government do all it can to help
servicemen and women successfully transition to civilian life after
service ends. To ensure that members of the Reserves and National Guard
have the opportunity to benefit from transition assistance, we
recommended that DOD, in conjunction with DOL and VA, determine what
demobilizing Reserve and National Guard members need to make a smooth
transition and explore the logistical options for providing that
assistance, such as opportunities for employment workshops before or
after their demobilization and providing timely information about the
need to apply for certain benefits while still on active duty. DOD
concurred with our recommendation.
Mr. Chairman, this completes my prepared statement. I would be happy to
respond to any questions you or other members of the subcommittee may
have at this time.
Contact and Acknowledgments:
For further information, please contact Cynthia A. Bascetta at (202)
512-7101. Also contributing to this statement were Irene Chu, Patricia
L. Elston, and William E. Hutchinson.
[End of section]
Related GAO Products:
Military and Veterans' Benefits: Enhanced Services Could Improve
Transition Assistance for Reserves and National Guard. GAO-05-544.
Washington, D.C: May 20, 2005.
DOD and VA: Systematic Data Sharing Would Help Expedite Servicemembers'
Transition to VA Services. GAO-05-722T. Washington, D.C.: May 19, 2005.
Vocational Rehabilitation: VA Has Opportunities to Improve Services,
but Faces Significant Challenges. GAO-05-572T Washington, D.C.: April
20, 2005.
VA Disability Benefits and Health Care: Providing Certain Services to
the Seriously Injured Poses Challenges. GAO-05-444T. Washington, D.C.:
March 17, 2005.
Military Pay: Gaps in Pay and Benefits Create Financial Hardships for
Injured Army National Guard and Reserve Soldiers. GAO-05-125.
Washington, D.C.: Feb. 17, 2005.
Military Pay: Gaps in Pay and Benefits Create Financial Hardships for
Injured Army National Guard and Reserve Soldiers. GAO-05-322T.
Washington, D.C.: Feb. 17, 2005.
Vocational Rehabilitation: More VA and DOD Collaboration Needed to
Expedite Services for Seriously Injured Servicemembers. GAO-05-167.
Washington, D.C.: Jan. 14, 2005.
Military Personnel: DOD Needs to Address Long-term Reserve Force
Availability and Related Mobilization and Demobilization Issues. GAO-
04-1031. Washington, D.C.: Sept. 15, 2004.
Military Personnel: DOD Actions Needed to Improve the Efficiency of
Mobilizations for Reserve Forces. GAO-03-921. Washington, D.C.: Aug.
21, 2003.
Military and Veterans' Benefits: Observations on the Transition
Assistance Program. GAO-02-914T. Washington, D.C.: July 18, 2002.
Military Downsizing: Persons Returning to Civilian Life Need More Help
from DOD. GAO/HEHS-94-39. Washington, D.C.: Jan. 21, 1994.
FOOTNOTES
[1] GAO, Military and Veterans' Benefits: Enhanced Services Could
Improve Transition Assistance for Reserves and National Guard, GAO-05-
544 (Washington, D.C: May 20, 2005).
[2] As agreed, our report did not include the Department of Homeland
Security, which oversees the Coast Guard, although both are part of
TAP.
[3] Eligible service members must be provided TAP while they are on
active duty and receiving military pay, either as soon as possible
within the 2 years prior to their anticipated retirement date or in the
1 year prior to their anticipated separation date; in either case, no
later than 90 days prior to their discharge or release. The exception
to this rule occurs when separations are not anticipated and less than
90 days of active duty remain. In such cases, TAP must be provided as
soon as possible.
[4] We use the term separation to refer to the discharge or retirement
of full-time active duty service members and also to the release of
members of the Reserves and National Guard from active duty. Authority
to call Reserve and National Guard service members to involuntary
active duty is currently limited to 24 months, but members can
volunteer for extended duty.
[5] Service members and their families can obtain a year's worth of
health insurance coverage for themselves and their families for each 90
days of active duty, as long as they contribute a share of the cost and
continue to serve in a reserve capacity once they are released from
active duty.
[6] In March 2004, VA released its VR&E Task Force report, The
Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment Program for the 21st Century
Veteran, with several recommendations, including one calling for goals
and measures of success to improve VA's administration of TAP and DTAP.
[7] These new forms were approved for use on June 15, 2005.
[8] See GAO, Military and Veterans' Benefits: Observations on the
Transition Assistance Program, GAO-02-914T (Washington, D.C.: July 18,
2002).
