Rental Housing Programs
Excluding Servicemembers' Housing Allowances from Income Determinations Would Increase Eligibility, but Other Factors May Limit Program Use Gao ID: GAO-06-784 July 31, 2006Although the Department of Defense (DOD) pays active-duty servicemembers who do not live in military housing a Basic Allowance for Housing (BAH) to help them afford private market residences, expected growth at some military installations has raised concerns about whether nearby communities will have enough affordable rental housing for incoming personnel. In response to a congressional mandate, GAO assessed (1) how excluding BAH would affect servicemembers' eligibility to apply for federal rental housing programs and (2) factors that could affect their use of the programs in selected communities gaining military personnel. GAO compared servicemembers' eligibility for the programs as of December 2005 by including and excluding BAH from income determinations and examined factors affecting potential program use near four growing military installations.
Excluding BAH from income determinations for federal rental housing programs would have substantially increased the percentage of servicemembers eligible to apply for the programs as of December 2005, assuming military pay was their only income. To be eligible to apply for rental assistance programs of the Departments of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and Agriculture (USDA), or to live in units produced by the Internal Revenue Service's (IRS) Low-Income Housing Tax Credit program, households must have incomes at or below a specific limit, generally 50 percent or 60 percent of the median household income for their area. At the 50 percent income limit, 20 percent of servicemembers who received BAH would have been eligible if BAH were excluded from income determinations, compared with 1 percent with BAH included. Most junior enlisted members would have been eligible if BAH were excluded, as would have small percentages of senior personnel. However, at all levels, many would not have been eligible if their households had even modest income from other sources. Agency and community officials cited factors that could limit the role of federal programs in building housing or helping servicemembers afford existing units near four installations that GAO examined. DOD officials said that servicemembers would be unlikely to need the programs because BAH payments provide for the median cost of market-rate housing. Some community officials said the tax-credit program, which spurs housing production, could be useful if more servicemembers qualified. But developers would have to compete for tax credits, and market factors--such as the financial feasibility of building units that junior enlisted members could afford--could limit their interest. The HUD and USDA programs might help some servicemembers rent existing units, but--because the programs are not entitlements--servicemembers could face lengthy waits, and eligible civilians might wait longer for assistance.
RecommendationsOur recommendations from this work are listed below with a Contact for more information. Status will change from "In process" to "Open," "Closed - implemented," or "Closed - not implemented" based on our follow up work.
Director: Team: Phone:GAO-06-784, Rental Housing Programs: Excluding Servicemembers' Housing Allowances from Income Determinations Would Increase Eligibility, but Other Factors May Limit Program Use
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Report to Congressional Committees:
July 2006:
Rental Housing Programs:
Excluding Servicemembers' Housing Allowances from Income Determinations
Would Increase Eligibility, but Other Factors May Limit Program Use:
GAO-06-784:
GAO Highlights:
Highlights of GAO-06-784, a report to congressional committees
Why GAO Did This Study:
Although the Department of Defense (DOD) pays active-duty
servicemembers who do not live in military housing a Basic Allowance
for Housing (BAH) to help them afford private market residences,
expected growth at some military installations has raised concerns
about whether nearby communities will have enough affordable rental
housing for incoming personnel. In response to a congressional mandate,
GAO assessed (1) how excluding BAH would affect servicemembers‘
eligibility to apply for federal rental housing programs and (2)
factors that could affect their use of the programs in selected
communities gaining military personnel. GAO compared servicemembers‘
eligibility for the programs as of December 2005 by including and
excluding BAH from income determinations and examined factors affecting
potential program use near four growing military installations.
What GAO Found:
Excluding BAH from income determinations for federal rental housing
programs would have substantially increased the percentage of
servicemembers eligible to apply for the programs as of December 2005,
assuming military pay was their only income. To be eligible to apply
for rental assistance programs of the Departments of Housing and Urban
Development (HUD) and Agriculture (USDA), or to live in units produced
by the Internal Revenue Service‘s (IRS) Low-Income Housing Tax Credit
program, households must have incomes at or below a specific limit,
generally 50 percent or 60 percent of the median household income for
their area. At the 50 percent income limit, 20 percent of
servicemembers who received BAH would have been eligible if BAH were
excluded from income determinations, compared with 1 percent with BAH
included. Most junior enlisted members would have been eligible if BAH
were excluded, as would have small percentages of senior personnel.
However, at all levels, many would not have been eligible if their
households had even modest income from other sources.
Agency and community officials cited factors that could limit the role
of federal programs in building housing or helping servicemembers
afford existing units near four installations that GAO examined. DOD
officials said that servicemembers would be unlikely to need the
programs because BAH payments provide for the median cost of market-
rate housing. Some community officials said the tax-credit program,
which spurs housing production, could be useful if more servicemembers
qualified. But developers would have to compete for tax credits, and
market factors”such as the financial feasibility of building units that
junior enlisted members could afford”could limit their interest. The
HUD and USDA programs might help some servicemembers rent existing
units, but”because the programs are not entitlements”servicemembers
could face lengthy waits, and eligible civilians might wait longer for
assistance.
Figure: Potential Eligibility for Federal Rental Housing Programs,
Assuming December 2005 Military Income Was the Only Household Income:
[See PDF for Image]
Sources: GAO and DOD.
[End of Figure]
What GAO Recommends:
This report contains a matter for congressional consideration stating
that if the primary intent of excluding BAH from income determinations
for federal rental housing programs is to increase the supply of
affordable rental housing for servicemembers, Congress should consider
first applying such a change only to programs that stimulate housing
production. DOD commented that servicemembers should be eligible for
federal rental housing programs on the same terms as their civilian
counterparts.
[Hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-06-784].
To view the full product, including the scope and methodology, click on
the link above. For more information, contact David G. Wood at (202)
512-8678 or woodd@gao.gov.
[End of Section]
Contents:
Letter:
Results in Brief:
Background:
Excluding BAH When Determining Income Would Extend Eligibility to More
Servicemembers, Assuming No Additional Household Income:
Eligibility Aside, Lack of Demand and Other Factors Could Limit
Servicemembers' Use of Federal Rental Housing Programs:
Conclusions:
Matter for Congressional Consideration:
Agency Comments and Our Evaluation:
Appendixes:
Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology:
Objectives:
Scope and Methodology:
Appendix II: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense:
Appendix III: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments:
Tables:
Table 1: Federal Rental Housing Programs That Support Housing
Production or Subsidize Tenants' Rents:
Table 2: Amount of Additional Income That Would Have Disqualified Half
of the Married Servicemembers, as of December 2005:
Table 3: Expected Growth in Military Personnel at Four Selected
Installations:
Figures:
Figure 1: Military Compensation Ranges, by Pay Grade, 2006:
Figure 2: Servicemembers' Potential Eligibility, by Pay Grade, for
Federal Rental Housing Programs at the 50 Percent and 60 Percent of AMI
Limits, as of December 2005:
Figure 3: Servicemembers' Potential Eligibility, by Family Size, for
Federal Rental Housing Programs at the 50 Percent and 60 Percent of AMI
limits, as of December 2005:
Figure 4: Percentage of Servicemembers Potentially Eligible for Federal
Rental Housing Programs That Were Married or Received Other Military
Pay, as of December 2005:
Figure 5: Servicemembers Potentially Eligible for Tax-Credit Units at
the 60 Percent of AMI limit, as of December 2005:
Figure 6: Income Ranges of Housing Choice Voucher Recipients and
Servicemembers in Selected Pay Grades, 2006:
Abbreviations:
AMI: area median income:
BAH: Basic Allowance for Housing:
BAS: Basic Allowance for Subsistence:
BRAC: base realignment and closure :
DOD : Department of Defense:
HUD: Department of Housing and Urban Development:
IRS: Internal Revenue Service:
LIHTC: Low-Income Housing Tax Credit:
USDA: U.S. Department of Agriculture :
July 31, 2006:
The Honorable Christopher Bond:
Chairman:
The Honorable Patty Murray:
Ranking Minority Member:
Subcommittee on Transportation, Treasury, the Judiciary, Housing and
Urban Development, and Related Agencies:
Committee on Appropriations:
United States Senate:
The Honorable Joe Knollenberg:
Chairman:
The Honorable John W. Olver:
Ranking Minority Member:
Subcommittee on Transportation, Treasury, and Housing and Urban
Development, The Judiciary, District of Columbia, and Independent
Agencies:
Committee on Appropriations:
House of Representatives:
As a result of base closings and realignments and other restationing
actions, some military installations will be experiencing growth in the
next several years, raising concerns about whether the nearby
communities will have an adequate supply of affordable housing for
incoming military personnel or whether communities can develop such
housing. To help make housing affordable to servicemembers, and in
keeping with its policy of relying on the private market as the primary
source of housing for servicemembers, the Department of Defense (DOD)
pays a Basic Allowance for Housing (BAH) to servicemembers stationed in
the United States who do not live in military housing. In fiscal year
2005, DOD made about $11.6 billion in BAH payments to approximately
850,000 active-duty servicemembers. DOD sets the housing allowance
amounts annually to cover the median cost of rent, including utilities
and renter's insurance. The housing allowance amounts vary according to
the location and rank (pay grade) of each servicemember, and also vary
depending on whether the servicemember has any dependents.
Servicemembers may choose to spend more or less than their allowance
amounts on their actual housing expenses.
Although BAH is intended to allow servicemembers to acquire suitable
housing in the private market, some community leaders and housing
developers have argued that federal rental housing programs also offer
the potential to help provide affordable housing for servicemembers
relocating to growing installations. The federal programs include the
Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) and tax-exempt multifamily
housing bond programs, which are administered by the Internal Revenue
Service (IRS) of the Department of the Treasury (Treasury) and the
states and support development of rental housing.[Footnote 1] Other
programs, including public housing and programs that subsidize tenants'
rents, are administered by the Department of Housing and Urban
Development (HUD) and the Department of Agriculture (USDA).[Footnote 2]
To be eligible to apply for these programs, households must have
incomes at or below a specific limit, generally 50 percent or 60
percent of the median household income for their area, adjusted for
family size. (These programs are not entitlements, however, and not all
eligible households receive assistance.) To help servicemembers meet
these income eligibility restrictions, proponents of using federal
programs to address the military's housing needs have proposed
excluding BAH from servicemembers' incomes when determining eligibility
for the programs.[Footnote 3]
Noting concerns about the availability of affordable private housing
for servicemembers, particularly in rural areas with growing
installations, the conference report accompanying the fiscal year 2006
Transportation, Treasury, Housing and Urban Development, the Judiciary,
the District of Columbia, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act
directed us to report on the potential effect of excluding BAH from
income when determining eligibility for federal rental housing
programs.[Footnote 4] Accordingly, this report discusses (1) how
excluding BAH from income determinations would have affected the
eligibility of servicemembers receiving BAH as of December 2005 and (2)
programmatic and market factors that could affect eligible
servicemembers' participation in the programs in selected communities
gaining military personnel.
To address these objectives, we obtained DOD's personnel data for
December 2005 and analyzed 702,975 records of servicemembers who were
BAH recipients at that time to determine their potential eligibility
for federal rental housing programs. We included the following federal
programs: HUD's public housing, Housing Choice Voucher, and project-
based Section 8; USDA's Section 515 Rural Rental Housing Loans and
Section 521 Rural Rental Assistance; and IRS's LIHTC and tax-exempt
multifamily housing bonds. We compared potential eligibility for rental
housing programs by including and excluding BAH from income eligibility
determinations. Because data on spousal income and other sources of
income were unavailable, for this analysis we assumed that the primary
components of military pay were the only sources of income for the
servicemember households. We tested the data that we used in our
analysis and found it sufficiently reliable for our purposes.
Furthermore, we interviewed and reviewed relevant documentation from
installation officials, rental housing program officials, and community
organization representatives in the following four communities near
installations gaining military personnel: Fort Benning, Georgia; Fort
Bliss, Texas; Fort Drum, New York; and Fort Riley, Kansas.[Footnote 5]
We cannot generalize the information from these installations to all
installations that will gain military personnel. We conducted our work
in and around Washington, D.C., and Junction City and Manhattan,
Kansas, between November 2005 and July 2006, in accordance with
generally accepted government auditing standards. Appendix I contains a
more detailed description of our scope and methodology.
Results in Brief:
Excluding BAH from income when determining servicemembers' eligibility
for federal rental housing programs would have substantially increased
the percentage that would have been eligible to apply for the programs
as of December 2005, assuming the primary components of military pay
were their only sources of income. More specifically:
* Using an income limit of 50 percent of the area median, approximately
20 percent of the servicemembers would have been eligible, compared
with the less than 1 percent that were eligible with BAH in income
determinations.
* Using a higher limit of 60 percent of area median (which applies only
to some LIHTC and tax-exempt multifamily housing bond properties)
approximately 40 percent of the servicemembers would have been
eligible.
* Some increase in eligibility would have occurred at all servicemember
pay grades, but the greatest impact would have been at the lower pay
grades. For example, 65 percent or more of servicemembers in the lowest
pay grades would have been eligible to apply for the federal programs,
whereas very small percentages of senior servicemembers and officers
would have been eligible.
* The increase in eligibility would have affected servicemember
families of all sizes, but those with the largest families (nine or
more persons) would have been somewhat more likely to be eligible
because the programs' income limits increase with family size.
Although we lacked data on servicemember household incomes from
nonmilitary sources, DOD data show that at least 80 percent of the
potentially eligible servicemembers were married; thus, these
households could have had additional income earned by a spouse. Using
an income limit of 50 percent of the area median, we estimated that
additional annual income of about $4,000 would have disqualified half
of the married servicemembers who were potentially eligible for the
federal programs, even if BAH were excluded from income determinations.
In the four communities we examined, programmatic and housing market
factors--for example, a potential lack of demand for the programs among
servicemembers, the costs of developing new housing, and the limited
availability of rental assistance--may limit the extent to which the
federal programs would help developers increase housing supply or help
servicemembers afford existing housing. DOD officials said that
servicemembers would be unlikely to need federal rental housing
programs because BAH payments cover median local housing costs and
would adjust annually to reflect any increases in market rents that
resulted from increased demand for housing near growing installations.
Yet, some community officials cited the LIHTC program as a potential
tool to build more housing for which incoming servicemembers might
qualify, but only if BAH were excluded when determining eligibility so
that more lower-income servicemembers could live in the new tax-credit
units. However, even if more servicemembers were eligible, LIHTC-funded
development still might not occur near the installations because the
state agencies that award available tax credits have a variety of
priorities. Furthermore, market conditions could make developers more
or less likely to consider using LIHTC to finance their projects. For
example, developers might be more disposed to seek LIHTC financing for
projects near Fort Riley, Kansas, because a substantial number of
incoming servicemembers likely will be low-ranking personnel with
families--a population that might have more difficulty affording market-
rate units than the more senior servicemembers. In contrast to the
LIHTC program, the HUD and USDA programs generally do not support
production of new housing, but rather subsidize rents for tenants of
existing units. However, because these programs are not entitlements,
the limited availability of assistance may preclude eligible
servicemembers from using them, especially in areas with long lists of
civilian applicants already awaiting assistance, according to agency
and community officials. Finally, to the extent that more
servicemembers applied for these programs, lower-income civilians might
face longer times on waiting lists for rental assistance because of the
larger pool of applicants.
If the primary intent of excluding BAH from income determinations for
federal rental housing programs is to increase the supply of rental
housing that servicemembers with the lowest incomes could afford,
Congress should consider first applying such a change only to programs
intended to stimulate production of such housing, such as LIHTC and tax-
exempt multifamily housing bonds.
We provided a draft of this report to DOD, HUD, IRS, Treasury, and
USDA. DOD, HUD, and IRS provided technical comments, which we
incorporated in the final report as appropriate. USDA and Treasury
declined to comment on the draft report. DOD commented that BAH does an
excellent job of achieving the objective of providing servicemembers
with the same quality and quantity of housing that their civilian
counterparts can afford, and the department noted that in cases of
sudden shortages, BAH rates would increase to allow servicemembers to
bid competitively for housing. DOD also stated that servicemembers
should be eligible for federal rental housing programs under the same
terms as their civilian counterparts. DOD's comments are discussed in
the Agency Comments and Our Evaluation section of this report, and its
written comments appear in appendix II.
Background:
BAH, one of several components of military compensation, is intended to
provide servicemembers with an allowance to enable them to obtain
suitable housing when military-owned housing is not provided.
Accordingly, BAH payments reflect the cost of housing where
servicemembers are stationed, and the payments change annually in
response to increases or decreases in local housing costs. Still, the
most recent base realignment and closure (BRAC) process, among other
restationing actions, will cause movement of large numbers of military
personnel to communities that initially may lack enough private housing
that is affordable to most servicemembers. Several HUD, USDA, and IRS
rental housing programs that are intended to make housing affordable to
low-income households count BAH as income when assessing the
eligibility of active-duty servicemembers.
Military Compensation Incorporates Basic Pay, Allowances, and Bonuses:
BAH is one of several elements of regular military
compensation.[Footnote 6] Regardless of whether they live in military-
owned housing or receive BAH, servicemembers receive basic pay and a
Basic Allowance for Subsistence (BAS). BAH and BAS are not subject to
federal income tax. With the addition of average BAH payments to the
other two pay elements, regular military compensation in 2006 starts at
$26,401 for the lowest-ranking enlisted servicemembers and culminates
at $183,196 for the highest-ranking officers, excluding consideration
of any tax advantage because the allowances are not subject to federal
income tax (see fig. 1).
Figure 1: Military Compensation Ranges, by Pay Grade, 2006:
[See PDF for image]
Sources: GAO and DOD.
Note: This figure reflects the cash components of regular military
compensation and does not include the value of the tax advantage that
accrues to servicemembers because BAH and BAS are not subject to
federal income tax.
[End of figure]
In addition to the primary elements of military compensation shown in
figure 1, servicemembers with duty stations in more than 55 continental
U.S. locations, where nonhousing expenses exceed the national average
by at least 8 percent, receive a cost-of-living allowance.
Servicemembers also may receive other types of pay, allowances, or
bonuses, depending on their professional backgrounds, skills, or
duties. For example, servicemembers may receive special pay for
hardship duty or exposure to hostile fire, allowances when they are
separated from their families because of a change in station or a
temporary duty assignment, and bonuses for enlistment and
reenlistment.[Footnote 7]
According to DOD officials, in March 2006, about 950,000 personnel
lived in private housing (including privatized military family housing)
and received BAH--including roughly 70 percent of active-duty
servicemembers in the United States, as well as some activated
reservists and servicemembers stationed overseas whose dependents lived
in the United States.[Footnote 8] DOD generally requires enlisted
servicemembers in the lowest ranks who do not have dependents to live
on base in furnished living quarters, commonly referred to as barracks.
These enlisted servicemembers do not receive BAH.
Each year, DOD sets BAH rates (i.e., the allowances servicemembers
receive monthly) that are based on the median local monthly cost of
housing, including current market rents, utilities, and renter's
insurance. The amounts that servicemembers receive also are based on
their pay grades and whether they have dependents. To calculate BAH
rates for different pay grades, DOD uses six standard categories of
housing--ranging from an one-bedroom apartment to a four-bedroom,
single-family detached house--that are intended to match the housing
normally occupied by civilians with comparable incomes. DOD applies
separate categories to servicemembers with and without dependents, but
the number of dependents does not affect the BAH amount.
BAH rates have increased since 2000 as DOD implemented an initiative to
reduce servicemembers' out-of-pocket housing costs. Prior to 2005, the
BAH rate for each area and pay grade was the local median monthly
housing cost minus a percentage of the national median monthly housing
cost. That deduction represented the amount that servicemembers would
have to pay out of pocket if their actual housing costs exactly matched
the median local housing cost for their pay grade. In 2000, the
deduction was 19 percent of the national median housing cost. DOD
gradually reduced the deduction so that, by 2005, BAH rates equaled the
median housing cost for each area and pay grade. Furthermore, while the
housing allowance is calculated on the basis of the rental market,
servicemembers may choose to apply their allowance toward purchasing a
home, and they are free to spend more or less than their allowance on
housing.
We reported in April 2006 that the increases in BAH rates had made it
possible for more servicemembers to afford private housing in the local
market, thus reducing the need for privatized housing at
installations.[Footnote 9] This has recently contributed to lower-than-
expected occupancy rates at some privatized housing projects. If some
privatized projects persistently experience lower-than-expected
occupancy rates, they could encounter financial difficulties or, at
worst, failures. To avoid such concerns in future privatization
projects, we recommended that DOD determine how increased BAH rates
would affect installations' housing requirements and provide guidance
on how the services should incorporate this information into their
assessments of the need for privatized family housing.
More Than 100 Installations Will Gain Personnel through the 2005 BRAC
Process:
The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2002 authorized
a new BRAC process in 2005. This was the fifth such process in the last
two decades, but the first since 1995.[Footnote 10] As in previous
processes, Congress enacted the legislation to close unneeded bases and
realign others. On November 9, 2005, Congress accepted in their
entirety the most recent BRAC recommendations for base closings and
realignments. DOD has 6 years, or from 2005 until September 15, 2011,
to implement these recommendations.
The 2005 BRAC process affects a substantial number of communities
surrounding installations that are expected to experience considerable
growth in military personnel. While scores of installations will gain
or lose military personnel, more than 20 installations each are
expected to gain between 2,000 and 21,000 military, civilian, and
mission-support contractor personnel.[Footnote 11] For the most part,
installations with the largest gains are located in predominantly urban
counties. However, some installations are in rural areas that may have
less housing available, raising the possibility that incoming personnel
initially could face a shortage of nearby housing that is affordable to
them.[Footnote 12] The installations that will gain the most personnel
through BRAC are Department of the Army installations, with their gains
attributable to actions such as the consolidation of various activities
and the return of personnel from overseas locations under DOD's
integrated global presence and basing strategy. In addition to shifts
related to BRAC, the Army is realigning personnel as it changes its
force structure.
Many Federal Rental Housing Programs Include BAH in Income
Determinations:
Various HUD, USDA, and IRS rental housing programs are intended to make
housing affordable for lower-income renters. None of the federal
agencies that administer these programs maintain data on the number of
participating servicemembers. The programs either support the
production of new or rehabilitated rental housing for eligible families
or subsidize tenants' rents to make existing units affordable (see
table 1). Specifically:
* Among the production programs, LIHTC and Section 515 Rural Rental
Housing Loans require property owners to restrict the rents that
eligible tenants pay. The rent on each tax-credit unit generally cannot
exceed 30 percent of the applicable income limit, adjusted for the
number of bedrooms. Tenants pay 30 percent of their adjusted incomes
toward the rent on Section 515 units. The tax-exempt multifamily
housing bonds program requires units to be set aside for eligible
families, but the rents on these units generally do not have to be
restricted.
* Rental assistance programs make payments to property owners to make
up the difference between an eligible tenant's rent contribution
(generally, 30 percent of adjusted monthly income) and a unit's total
rent. The Housing Choice Voucher program offers tenant-based rental
assistance that tenants can use to rent privately owned apartments or
single-family homes, and that they can transfer to new residences if
they move. In contrast, the project-based Section 8 and Section 521
Rural Rental Assistance programs offer project-based rental assistance,
which is attached to specific properties and is available to tenants
only when they are living in units at these properties.
* Public housing also subsidizes tenants' rents. However, rather than
making rental assistance payments to owners that are keyed to tenants'
rent payments, HUD provides public housing agencies with annual
operating subsidies that are based partly on the property's projected
overall rental income.
Table 1: Federal Rental Housing Programs That Support Housing
Production or Subsidize Tenants' Rents:
Federal agency: HUD;
Program: Housing Choice Voucher; Program type: Rental assistance;
Description: Provides tenant-based rental assistance for households
with extremely low; very low; and, on an exception basis, low incomes.
Federal agency: HUD;
Program: Public housing;
Program type: Rental assistance;
Description: Provides subsidized housing operated by public housing
authorities for households with extremely low to low incomes.
Federal agency: HUD;
Program: Project-based Section 8 rental assistance;
Program type: Rental assistance;
Description: Provides project-based rental assistance in multifamily
properties for households with extremely low, very low, and (in certain
properties) low incomes.
Federal agency: IRS;
Program: Low-Income Housing Tax Credit;
Program type: Production;
Description: Through the allocation of federal tax credits by state
agencies, provides an incentive for investment in development of
multifamily housing that sets aside a portion of units for households
with very low incomes or incomes at or below 60 percent of the area
median income.
Federal agency: IRS;
Program: Tax-exempt multifamily housing bonds;
Program type: Production;
Description: Allows government entities to issue tax-exempt bonds whose
proceeds finance private rental properties that set aside a portion of
units for households with very low incomes or incomes at or below 60
percent of the area median income.
Federal agency: USDA;
Program: Section 515 Rural Rental Housing Loans;
Program type: Production;
Description: Makes loans for the construction and rehabilitation of
rural multifamily properties for households with very low to moderate
incomes.
Federal agency: USDA;
Program: Section 521 Rural Rental Assistance;
Program type: Rental assistance;
Description: Provides project-based rental assistance to tenants with
very low and low incomes in Section 515 and other USDA- financed
multifamily properties.
Sources: GAO, HUD, IRS, and USDA.
[End of table]
All of these federal programs use a common definition of income as set
out in a HUD regulation.[Footnote 13] Under this definition, incomes of
servicemember households include all regular pay, special pay, and
allowances (including BAH) of the servicemember, except special pay to
servicemembers who are exposed to hostile fire. Each program determines
households' eligibility to apply by comparing their incomes with an
income limit, expressed as a percentage of the area median.[Footnote
14] The income limits are adjusted for family size, with higher limits
for larger families. In addition, the HUD and USDA programs use tenant
income (with certain adjustments) to determine how much of a unit's
rent the tenant will pay.
The programs generally target various categories of households, defined
according to the relationship between a household's income and the
local area median income (AMI): extremely low (household income is no
more than 30 percent of AMI), very low (no more than 50 percent of
AMI), low (no more than 80 percent of AMI), and moderate (no more than
$5,500 above 80 percent of AMI). In addition to these categories, the
LIHTC and tax-exempt multifamily housing bond programs can target
households with incomes that are no more than 60 percent of AMI. For
purposes of this report, we focused on the 50 percent and 60 percent of
AMI limits because they generally apply to new applicants for the two
largest federal rental housing programs, Housing Choice Voucher and
LIHTC.[Footnote 15]
The federal rental housing programs are not entitlements and, as a
result, do not assist all households that HUD has identified as having
housing needs--that is, households with very low incomes that pay more
than 30 percent of their income for housing, live in substandard
housing, or both. According to HUD data for 2003, federal rental
housing programs assisted an estimated 4.3 million households, or 27
percent of all renter households with very low incomes.[Footnote 16]
Over 9 million renter households with very low incomes (about 59
percent) did not receive federal assistance and had housing needs. Of
these 9 million households, over 5 million had what HUD terms "worst
case" needs--that is, they paid over half of their income in rent,
lived in severely substandard housing, or both.
Excluding BAH When Determining Income Would Extend Eligibility to More
Servicemembers, Assuming No Additional Household Income:
Assuming that the primary components of military pay were the only
sources of servicemembers' household incomes, excluding BAH payments
from income when determining servicemembers' eligibility for federal
rental housing programs would have substantially increased the
percentage that would have been eligible to apply for the programs as
of December 2005. Specifically, most junior enlisted members would have
been eligible for the programs, as would have much smaller percentages
of senior servicemembers. In addition, although few in number,
servicemembers with the largest families (nine or more persons) would
have been somewhat more likely to be eligible for the programs than
those with smaller families. However, to the extent that
servicemembers' households had income from nonmilitary sources, fewer
of them would have been eligible for the federal programs. We lacked
data on servicemember household incomes from nonmilitary sources, but
at least 80 percent of the potentially eligible servicemembers were
married, and income earned by spouses would likely have disqualified
many of these households.
Most Junior Enlisted Members and Some Senior Members Would Have Been
Eligible if Military Pay Were Their Sole Source of Income:
Assuming that the primary components of servicemembers' military pay
were their only sources of household income in 2005, we found that by
excluding BAH from income determinations, 19.9 percent of
servicemembers of all grades would have been eligible for federal
rental housing programs that used an income limit of 50 percent of AMI,
compared with less than 1 percent of servicemembers with BAH
included.[Footnote 17] Similarly, at the 60 percent of AMI limit, 39.3
percent of the servicemembers would have been eligible if BAH were
excluded when determining income, compared with 4.8 percent if BAH were
included (see fig. 2).[Footnote 18] At both income limits, most junior
enlisted members (for our purposes, E-1 through E-4) would have been
eligible for the programs if BAH were excluded.[Footnote 19]
Specifically, at the 50 percent of AMI limit, substantial majorities of
E-1s (92.4 percent), E-2s (78.7 percent), and E-3s (65.2 percent) would
have been eligible. At the 60 percent of AMI limit, virtually all E-1s
(99 percent) and E-2s (97.6 percent) and substantial majorities of E-3s
(90.2 percent) and E-4s (64.6 percent) would have been eligible.
Figure 2: Servicemembers' Potential Eligibility, by Pay Grade, for
Federal Rental Housing Programs at the 50 Percent and 60 Percent of AMI
Limits, as of December 2005:
[See PDF for image]
Sources: GAO and DOD.
Note: This figure shows the potential eligibility to apply for federal
rental housing programs among servicemembers who were receiving BAH as
of December 2005, based on the payments they received that month for
basic pay; BAS; BAH; and, where applicable, a cost-of-living adjustment
for servicemembers living in high-cost areas. These data were from
DOD's Active Duty Pay and Active Duty Military Personnel Master File
systems. This analysis assumes that the primary components of military
pay were servicemembers' only sources of income; income from other
sources would reduce the percentage of eligible servicemembers.
[End of figure]
In addition, using the same assumption that household income included
only the primary components of military pay, some senior enlisted
members and officers would have been eligible for the programs if
income determinations excluded BAH. Specifically, at the 50 percent of
AMI limit, 19.2 percent of E-5s and 9.4 percent of E-6s would have been
eligible, as would have very small percentages of servicemembers in pay
grades E-7 through E-9 (see fig. 2). The percentage of eligible
officers also would have been very small, as follows: 1 percent using
the 50 percent of AMI limit, and 2 percent using the 60 percent of AMI
limit.
Excluding BAH, More Servicemembers with Families of All Sizes Would
Have Been Eligible, Especially Larger Families:
Again assuming that the primary components of military pay were the
only sources of household income, by excluding BAH from income
determinations, considerable percentages of servicemembers with
families of all sizes would have been eligible for the programs, using
either the 50 percent or 60 percent of AMI limit. However, because the
programs' income limits increase with family size, servicemembers with
larger families (although relatively few in number) generally would
have been more likely to be eligible than those with smaller families
(which were much greater in number). For example, with BAH in income
determinations, 6.6 percent (59) of the largest families (those with
nine or more persons) would have been eligible for programs using the
50 percent of AMI limit, compared with 0.5 percent (866) of the
smallest (two-person) families (see fig. 3).[Footnote 20] With BAH
excluded, 40.6 percent (361) of the largest families would have been
eligible, compared with 23.7 percent (45,262) of the smallest families.
The same general pattern held true for programs using the 60 percent of
AMI limit. For example, 63.8 percent (568) of the largest families and
44.5 percent (84,999) of the smallest families would have been eligible
if BAH were excluded from income determinations.
Figure 3: Servicemembers' Potential Eligibility, by Family Size, for
Federal Rental Housing Programs at the 50 Percent and 60 Percent of AMI
limits, as of December 2005:
[See PDF for image]
Sources: GAO and DOD.
Note: This figure reflects the potential eligibility of servicemembers
to apply for federal rental housing programs as of December 2005,
assuming that the primary components of military pay were the only
sources of household income.
[End of figure]
Additional Household Income Would Reduce the Number of Eligible
Servicemembers:
To the extent that servicemembers had additional sources of household
income, their actual eligibility for the federal rental housing
programs would have been less than the percentages shown in our
analysis. Additional sources of household income could include income
on assets (such as savings accounts or mutual funds), employment of
other household members, or types of military pay that we did not
include in our analysis.[Footnote 21] For example, figure 4 shows that-
-at both program income limits and with BAH included in or excluded
from income determinations--at least 80 percent of the potentially
eligible servicemembers were married and, thus, could have had
additional income earned by a spouse. In addition, at least 9 percent
of the potentially eligible servicemembers received other types of
military pay.
Figure 4: Percentage of Servicemembers Potentially Eligible for Federal
Rental Housing Programs That Were Married or Received Other Military
Pay, as of December 2005:
[See PDF for image]
Sources: GAO and DOD.
Note: Although we knew the percentage of servicemembers that received
other military pay in December 2005, we excluded such payments from our
analysis because we lacked a reliable method to estimate the total
amount of other military pay received in 2005 using data from a single
month.
[End of figure]
To illustrate how additional sources of household income could affect
eligibility for the federal rental housing programs, we calculated the
amounts of additional income it would take to disqualify married
servicemember households that would have been eligible on the basis of
their military incomes alone. We found that, among the married
servicemembers who were potentially eligible with BAH included in
income determinations, income from even part-time, minimum-wage work by
their spouses likely would have disqualified many from the federal
programs. The same was true even if BAH were excluded from income
determinations. For example, with BAH included, spousal income of
$2,004 would have been enough to disqualify half of the married
servicemembers that were potentially eligible for programs using the 50
percent of AMI limit (see table 2). With BAH excluded, spousal income
of $4,044 would have been enough to disqualify half of the married
servicemembers that were potentially eligible. At the 60 percent of AMI
limit, $3,108 in spousal income would have disqualified half of the
potentially eligible married servicemembers with BAH included in income
determinations, compared with $6,180 if BAH were excluded. As shown in
table 2, these amounts represent part-time work of 24 hours per week or
less at the federal minimum wage.
Table 2: Amount of Additional Income That Would Have Disqualified Half
of the Married Servicemembers, as of December 2005:
Income limit: 50 percent of AMI limit;
BAH included in or excluded from income determinations: Included;
Income that would have disqualified half of the married
servicemembers[A]: $2,004;
Hours per week at minimum wage[B]: 8.
Income limit: 50 percent of AMI limit;
BAH included in or excluded from income determinations: Excluded;
Income that would have disqualified half of the married
servicemembers[A]: 4,044;
Hours per week at minimum wage[B]: 16.
Income limit: 60 percent of AMI limit;
BAH included in or excluded from income determinations: Included;
Income that would have disqualified half of the married
servicemembers[A]: 3,108;
Hours per week at minimum wage[B]: 12.
Income limit: 60 percent of AMI limit;
BAH included in or excluded from income determinations: Excluded;
Income that would have disqualified half of the married
servicemembers[A]: 6,180;
Hours per week at minimum wage[B]: 24.
Sources: GAO and DOD.
[A] For married servicemembers who were potentially eligible at each
income limit, we calculated the median amount of additional income
(such as spousal income) that would have disqualified them. This table
presents the amount of spousal income that would have disqualified half
of the married servicemembers.
[B] We calculated the hours per week (assuming 50 weeks of work per
year at the federal minimum wage, that is, $5.15 per hour) needed to
earn the additional income that would have made half of the married
servicemembers ineligible.
v
Eligibility Aside, Lack of Demand and Other Factors Could Limit
Servicemembers' Use of Federal Rental Housing Programs:
Agency officials and representatives from the four communities we
examined described factors that may limit the role of federal rental
housing programs in increasing the supply of housing or helping
servicemembers afford existing housing, regardless of how BAH affects
their eligibility. DOD officials said that servicemembers would be
unlikely to need federal rental housing programs because BAH rates
cover median local housing costs and would adjust annually to reflect
any increases in market rents that resulted from increased demand for
housing near growing installations. Yet, some community officials said
that the LIHTC program could be used to build more affordable housing
if more servicemembers were eligible. However, states would have to
award tax credits to projects in these communities, and housing market
factors--such as the financial feasibility of building market-rate
units with rents that low-ranking servicemembers could afford--could
affect developers' interest in using the LIHTC program. Furthermore,
although HUD and USDA programs could help some eligible servicemembers
rent existing units, the programs are not entitlements; the limited
availability of this rental assistance may preclude servicemembers from
using the programs. Also, if more servicemembers applied for these
programs, eligible lower-income civilians might face longer times on
waiting lists.
Servicemembers May Not Need Programs because BAH Rates Cover Median
Costs and Are Adjusted for Changing Rents:
According to DOD officials, servicemembers would be unlikely to need
federal rental housing programs to obtain affordable housing near
growing installations because BAH rates cover local housing costs and
would adjust for any increases in market rents that resulted from
personnel gains. As of 2005, BAH rates fully cover the median local
cost of housing at each installation. Officials noted that DOD's recent
initiative to reduce servicemembers' out-of-pocket housing costs had
resulted in substantial increases in BAH rates nationwide, including at
the four selected installations we reviewed (Forts Benning, Bliss,
Drum, and Riley). In addition, the officials said that, if increased
demand for housing near a growing installation caused upward pressure
on housing costs, DOD would adjust BAH rates upward as part of the
annual rate-setting process, allowing servicemembers to obtain market-
rate housing without additional federal assistance. However, if vacant
units were not available in the communities immediately surrounding a
growing installation, DOD officials acknowledged that some
servicemembers might have to seek housing in outlying communities until
the private market responded with new construction closer to the
installation.
Furthermore, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year
2006 authorized the Secretary of Defense to prescribe temporary
increases in BAH rates in disaster areas or areas that contain one or
more installations that are experiencing a sudden increase in the
number of servicemembers assigned to the installation.[Footnote 22]
Specifically, a temporary increase in BAH rates would be based on the
amount by which area housing costs increased because of the disaster or
influx of service members and would apply until new rates for the next
calendar year took effect. According to DOD officials, no installations
had requested an increase in BAH rates because of installation growth,
and the Secretary had not used this authority as of June 2006. If an
installation requests a temporary increase in BAH rates because of
installation growth, the officials said that DOD would review local
market conditions to determine whether an increase was warranted.
Ability of the LIHTC Program to Produce Needed Housing Could Be
Affected Not Only by Servicemembers' Eligibility, but Also by the State
Allocation Process and Market Conditions:
To varying degrees, officials in the four communities (near Forts
Benning, Bliss, Drum, and Riley) that we examined described a need to
build more private housing for incoming servicemembers. Some officials
indicated that, under certain conditions, the LIHTC program could help
address their anticipated housing needs.
According to officials at the selected installations, expected gains in
military personnel ranged from about 4,500 at Fort Benning to about
19,500 at Fort Bliss (see table 3). The rural installations--Fort Drum
and Fort Riley--expected more substantial growth relative to their
existing supply of housing than did the urban installations. The
communities generally did not yet have precise data on the expected
number of servicemembers that would be most likely to seek private
housing (servicemembers with families and those in higher pay grades
who do not have dependents) or required to live in barracks
(servicemembers in junior pay grades who do not have dependents).
However, community officials in the Fort Riley area estimated that at
least 9,000 more housing units would be needed, considering both the
estimated number of incoming military personnel and the expected growth
in the civilian employment at the installation. Similarly, community
officials near Fort Drum estimated the need for approximately 2,000
additional units. Community officials in the Fort Benning and Fort
Bliss areas had not developed such estimates, but they also anticipated
that some new construction would be necessary to accommodate
installation growth as well as other population increases.
Table 3: Expected Growth in Military Personnel at Four Selected
Installations:
Installation: Fort Benning, Georgia;
Primary counties: Muskogee and Chattahoochee;
Urban or rural: Urban;
Pregrowth military personnel: 15,000[A];
Expected growth in military personnel: 4,500[A];
Area's private housing units, 2002: 81,500;
Growth as a percentage of private units: 6%.
Installation: Fort Bliss, Texas;
Primary counties: El Paso;
Urban or rural: Urban;
Pregrowth military personnel: 9,500;
Expected growth in military personnel: 19,500;
Area's private housing units, 2002: 232,000;
Growth as a percentage of private units: 8.
Installation: Fort Drum, New York;
Primary counties: Jefferson;
Urban or rural: Rural;
Pregrowth military personnel: 11,000;
Expected growth in military personnel: 6,000;
Area's private housing units, 2002: 54,500;
Growth as a percentage of private units: 11.
Installation: Fort Riley, Kansas;
Primary counties: Geary and Riley;
Urban or rural: Rural;
Pregrowth military personnel: 11,500;
Expected growth in military personnel: 6,500 - 7,500;
Area's private housing units, 2002: 36,000;
Growth as a percentage of private units: 18 - 21.
Sources: GAO, U.S. Census Bureau, and selected installations.
Note: The installations are gaining servicemembers as a result of the
BRAC process, the restationing of servicemembers from overseas, the
Army's initiative to change its force structure, or a combination of
these initiatives. We determined whether an installation was rural or
urban using the Rural-Urban Commuting Area codes developed by USDA's
Economic Research Service and the Office of Rural Health Policy,
Department of Health and Human Services. We compiled the most recent
Census estimates of the total number of private housing units in the
primary counties within each installation's Army-defined market area.
We considered a county to be primary if most of its land area fell
within the market area. We present the installations' growth as a
percentage of the primary counties' housing units only to illustrate
the relative magnitude of each installation's growth. This table is not
intended to suggest the number of servicemembers that would seek
private housing, the number of existing units that might be available
for rent or purchase, or the number of existing units that the Army
considers suitable for servicemembers.
[A] The figures for Fort Benning exclude its military student
population because these personnel generally live on base and, thus,
would not seek private housing.
[End of table]
Officials in some of these communities indicated that, under certain
conditions, the LIHTC program could help address their anticipated
housing needs. In particular, officials in the rural communities
surrounding Fort Drum and Fort Riley said that the LIHTC program could
help them build more affordable housing in response to installation
growth, but only if more servicemembers would qualify to live in tax-
credit units (see sidebar).[Footnote 23] Assuming that the primary
components of military pay were the only sources of household income,
modest percentages of servicemembers at Fort Drum and Fort Riley in
December 2005 might have qualified for tax-credit units using the 60
percent of AMI limit even under the program's existing income
definition, but much larger percentages (about 37 percent and 26
percent, respectively) would have been eligible if BAH were excluded
from income determinations (see fig. 5). In contrast, almost none of
the servicemembers at Fort Benning and Fort Bliss would have been
eligible under the existing income definition, and modest percentages
(about 14 percent and 10 percent, respectively) would have been
eligible if BAH were excluded from income determinations. The variation
in servicemembers' eligibility across installations reflected
differences in the percentages of servicemembers in the lowest pay
grades.
Figure 5: Servicemembers Potentially Eligible for Tax-Credit Units at
the 60 Percent of AMI limit, as of December 2005:
[See PDF for image]
Sources: GAO and DOD.
Note: This figure reflects the eligibility of servicemembers at
selected installations as of December 2005, assuming that the primary
components of military pay were the only sources of household income.
Our analysis does not take into account anticipated gains in the number
of servicemembers at these installations.
[End of figure]
Although these data, which pertain to personnel already located at
these installations as of December 2005, do not indicate how many
incoming personnel might be eligible to live in tax-credit units, they
suggest that substantial percentages of those at the rural
installations might become eligible if BAH were excluded from income
determinations. In light of that possibility, community officials near
Fort Drum and Fort Riley stated that excluding BAH could create
opportunities to use the LIHTC program. Specifically:
* Community officials near Fort Drum indicated that some developers
were interested in building new rental housing but faced obstacles in
financing projects because of an estimated gap between current market
rents, which incoming junior enlisted personnel likely could afford,
and the higher rents that developers would need to charge to make new
apartments financially feasible without government subsidies. The
officials had been working with developers to seek financing assistance
through state programs, including New York's low-income housing tax
credit program, which serves households with incomes up to 90 percent
of AMI. However, because the state programs are relatively small, the
officials said that increasing servicemembers' eligibility for the
larger federal LIHTC program would provide more financing options for
developers.
* Community officials near Fort Riley noted that servicemembers make up
a substantial portion of the current and expected future rental market
in the area, particularly in the community of Junction City just
outside of the installation. They said that while some developers of
tax-credit projects have expressed interest in building more units in
the area, they would only do so if the pool of potential tenants
included more incoming servicemembers, because the demand for
additional tax-credit units among civilian families is limited.
However, even if BAH were excluded from income when determining
eligibility and if developers proposed building tax-credit units, LIHTC-
funded development might be limited near growing installations because
the state agencies that award available tax credits have a variety of:
priorities.[Footnote 24] By law, each state must prepare an annual plan
that identifies its criteria for distributing its allocation of credits
among proposed developments. A state would have to weigh how a proposed
property would address the housing needs near growing installations
against the state's priorities and selection criteria. States must give
preference to projects serving the lowest-income tenants and projects
that would serve qualified tenants for the longest periods of time. The
states' selection criteria also must include other considerations, such
as tenant populations with special housing needs. For example, the
priority housing needs in Kansas's plan for allocating tax credits in
2006 include projects in communities with populations of fewer than
5,000; preservation of housing with Section 8 or Section 521 project-
based rental assistance; projects for special-needs populations, such
as the homeless or people with disabilities; and projects whose units
would offer below-market-rate rents. Projects addressing these
priorities would receive extra points in the scoring process used to
evaluate proposals.
Furthermore, officials in the four communities described market factors
that could influence whether developers would try to use the LIHTC
program to build housing near growing installations.[Footnote 25] In
general, developers would have limited incentive to compete for tax
credits if conditions for building market-rate housing were favorable,
such as in areas having a higher-income population. Generally, market-
rate housing allows developers to charge whatever rents the market will
bear, without other restrictions. In contrast, applicants for tax-
credit financing must agree to limit the rents charged for tax-credit
units for at least 30 years and must comply with other federal
requirements for 15 years or risk losing the right for investors to
claim the tax credits. Thus, developers might be less likely to propose
new tax-credit units near a growing installation that expected to
receive more senior servicemembers with relatively high incomes than
near one that expected more junior members with relatively low incomes.
For example:
* Aside from military students who would live on base, most of the
incoming military personnel at Fort Benning are associated with the
planned realignment of a training school with primarily senior-ranking
personnel. Community officials said that because these personnel likely
could afford to pay market rates for housing, they did not expect
developers to focus on providing new housing through the LIHTC program.
* In contrast, on the basis of preliminary estimates from Fort Riley
officials, roughly 45 percent of the servicemembers that would
eventually be stationed there might be married members in pay grades E-
1 through E-6. As of early 2006, the communities near Fort Riley had
substantial market-rate development under way or in the planning
stages. However, community officials anticipated that enough additional
low-cost housing would be needed for servicemembers in these lowest pay
grades to justify building tax-credit units for them (assuming they
were to become eligible).
In addition, developers might be more disposed to seek LIHTC financing
in areas where the cost to build new housing was high relative to the
incomes of junior enlisted members. For example:
* Whereas officials in the Fort Benning area expected that developers
could build new market-rate housing within the price range that
incoming servicemembers could afford, officials in the rural Fort Drum
and Fort Riley areas stated that increasing construction, labor, and
infrastructure costs could make new market-rate units too expensive for
junior enlisted members or could make it difficult to secure financing
for market-rate units.[Footnote 26] For example, the cost of bringing
materials and, perhaps, workers into a rural area can contribute to
relatively high development costs.
* Near Fort Bliss, El Paso city officials said that the LIHTC program
might be an attractive financing alternative for developers if they
could not otherwise build housing that servicemembers with the lowest
incomes could afford. However, the officials did not yet know whether
developers might need subsidies. They planned to study the issue by
considering the expected incomes of servicemembers who would be
arriving at Fort Bliss, the supply and price of existing housing, and
the development costs and rents that would be charged for new market-
rate housing.
Waiting Time and Scarcity of Larger Units May Preclude Servicemembers
from Renting Existing Units through HUD and USDA Programs:
Even if more servicemembers were to become eligible for HUD and USDA
rental housing assistance programs, waiting lists for units and the
limited availability of large units might limit servicemembers'
participation in these programs, according to officials from HUD, USDA,
and the four selected communities.
Rather than financing new rental housing near growing installations,
HUD's Housing Choice Voucher, public housing, and project-based Section
8 programs and USDA's Section 515 and Section 521 programs primarily
would help servicemembers rent existing units if they obtained the
programs' assistance, typically by making up the difference between
their required contribution (generally 30 percent of adjusted monthly
income) and a unit's total rent.[Footnote 27] However, these programs
are not entitlements, and many of the HUD, USDA, and community
officials said that the limited number of units or limited supply of
rental assistance may deter eligible servicemembers from applying for
these programs, especially in areas with long lists of applicants
already awaiting assistance. If they did join the programs' waiting
lists, servicemembers might find other private, military-owned, or
privatized housing; relocate to a different installation; or become
ineligible for the program because of a promotion before they rose to
the top of a list. In all four of the communities we reviewed, the
Housing Choice Voucher and public housing programs had waiting lists,
with times ranging from a few months to 2 years, according to officials
from HUD field offices and the housing authorities that maintain the
lists.[Footnote 28] For example, in Columbus, Georgia, near Fort
Benning, the waiting list for vouchers was long enough that it was
closed as of March 2006 and was not expected to open to new applicants
until 2008.
In addition, servicemembers with large families may face obstacles to
using rental assistance programs because of the limited availability of
units with three or more bedrooms, according to some HUD, USDA, housing
authority, and installation officials.[Footnote 29] In the four
communities, properties with project-based Section 8 assistance and
public housing developments offered relatively few units with three or
more bedrooms, thereby limiting the options for families of five or
more persons. For instance, in the Fort Drum area, of 690 project-based
Section 8 and public housing units intended for families, 172 had three
bedrooms and 43 had four bedrooms; the remaining 475 had fewer than
three bedrooms. Similarly, although voucher recipients can seek housing
in the broader private rental market, some of the HUD field office
officials noted that larger families could have a hard time finding a
sufficiently sized apartment or house that would meet the program's
quality and cost standards.
If servicemembers did join the programs' waiting lists, HUD
headquarters and field office officials noted that housing authorities
could adopt preferences that would reduce servicemembers' wait for
vouchers or public housing, but some officials said that such a step
could be controversial. The housing authorities that administer
vouchers and public housing developments may establish local
preferences for selecting families from waiting lists, on the basis of
local housing needs and priorities. However, HUD and housing authority
officials said that such preferences--for example, for victims of
domestic violence or a single homeless person--have sometimes met
opposition from those who would face longer waits because they did not
qualify for these preferences.
Similarly, some HUD officials said that increasing servicemembers'
eligibility for the programs or giving them preference on waiting lists
could create tensions with lower-income civilians who might have to
face even longer waiting periods for rental assistance as a result. On
the basis of the 2006 pay rates for the primary elements of military
compensation, servicemembers in all pay grades would have substantially
more income than most existing Housing Choice Voucher recipients, even
without their BAH payments (see fig. 6).[Footnote 30] In light of that
difference in incomes, some of the officials also cited potential
concerns about balancing any advantages for servicemembers with the
programs' current emphasis on targeting assistance to households with
extremely low incomes.[Footnote 31]
Figure 6: Income Ranges of Housing Choice Voucher Recipients and
Servicemembers in Selected Pay Grades, 2006:
[See PDF for image]
Sources: GAO and DOD.
[End of figure]
Conclusions:
As some military installations gain servicemembers, nearby communities
face opportunities for growth as well as potential challenges in
providing an adequate supply of housing that incoming servicemembers
can afford. Many of these incoming personnel may not have problems
finding housing they can afford--for example, junior enlisted members
without dependents generally live in barracks; DOD has the ability to
raise BAH rates for other servicemembers to reflect any increases in
housing costs near the growing installations; and many servicemembers
may have additional resources, such as spousal income, that they can
put toward housing costs. Where communities lack enough housing for
incoming personnel or where rents are expensive for married junior
personnel, federal rental housing programs might help provide
affordable housing for servicemembers through the production of
additional housing or through rental assistance for existing housing.
By excluding BAH from servicemembers' incomes when determining
eligibility, many of the lowest-ranking servicemembers could qualify to
apply for these programs.
However, the effects of such a change are uncertain and could involve
trade-offs that warrant attention. For example, the LIHTC program (or,
similarly, tax-exempt multifamily housing bonds) could help increase
the supply of affordable rental housing for incoming servicemembers, if
more of the members were eligible to live in tax-credit units. However,
even if more servicemembers were eligible, the extent to which the
LIHTC program would play a role in increasing the supply of affordable
housing near growing installations would depend on local housing market
conditions, the income distribution of incoming servicemembers, and the
decisions of state agencies regarding whether to allocate tax credits
to projects near growing installations or to projects that might
address other state housing priorities. Furthermore, the rental
assistance programs are not entitlements and already do not assist all
eligible households. While some servicemembers might be deterred by the
prospect of a lengthy wait from applying for HUD and USDA rental
assistance for existing units, those who did apply would expand the
pool of those waiting for a limited supply of available assistance.
Thus, making more servicemembers eligible by excluding BAH from income
determinations could cause these programs to serve more servicemembers
at the expense of eligible civilians.
Matter for Congressional Consideration:
If the primary intent of excluding BAH from income determinations for
federal rental housing programs is to help increase the supply of
rental housing that servicemembers with the lowest incomes could
afford, Congress should consider first applying such a change only to
programs intended to stimulate production of such housing, such as
LIHTC and tax-exempt multifamily housing bonds.
Agency Comments and Our Evaluation:
We provided a draft of this report to DOD, HUD, IRS, Treasury, and USDA
for their review and comment. Treasury and USDA did not comment on the
draft report. DOD, HUD, and IRS provided technical comments, which we
incorporated where appropriate. DOD also provided comments in a letter
from the Acting Deputy Under Secretary for Military Personnel Policy
(see app. II).
DOD commented that BAH does an excellent job of achieving the objective
of providing servicemembers with the same quality and quantity of
housing that their civilian counterparts can afford. However, DOD also
noted that servicemembers may have difficulty finding adequate housing
if there are substantial changes in the supply of or demand for housing
in a local area, at least until the private market has had time to
adjust to the changing conditions. DOD also observed that
servicemembers with large families, who seek larger housing than an
average size family, may have difficulty finding adequate housing using
their BAH payments alone and may apply for federal rental housing
programs. However, DOD also stated that servicemembers should be
eligible for federal housing subsidies under the same terms as their
civilian counterparts. Furthermore, DOD commented that excluding BAH
from income determinations might transfer existing scarce resources
from low-income civilians to the military and generate ill-will among
civilians toward the military. Finally, DOD stated that, while our
draft report showed that excluding BAH from income determinations might
not have the desired effect of increasing the supply of rental housing
for servicemembers, there might be other ways in which the government
could assist the private market in responding to housing shortages. Our
draft report discussed the particular difficulties of large families--
even those receiving rental assistance--in finding suitable housing.
The draft report also addressed the potential role of existing
programs, particularly the LIHTC program, in stimulating production of
affordable housing near growing installations. However, examining other
possible federal strategies for increasing the supply of private
housing was beyond the scope of this study.
We are sending copies of this report to other interested congressional
committees; the Secretaries of the Departments of Agriculture, Defense,
Housing and Urban Development, and the Treasury; and the Commissioner
of Internal Revenue. We will make copies available to others upon
request. This report will also be available at no charge on GAO's Web
site at [Hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov.]
Please call me at (202) 512-8678 if you or your staff have any
questions about this report. Contact points for our Offices of
Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last
page of this report. See appendix III for key contributors to this
report.
Signed by:
David G. Wood:
Director, Financial Markets and Community Investment:
[End of section]
Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology:
Objectives:
Our objectives were to determine (1) how excluding the Basic Allowance
for Housing (BAH) from income determinations would have affected the
eligibility of servicemembers receiving BAH as of December 2005 and (2)
programmatic and market factors that could affect eligible
servicemembers' participation in the programs in selected communities
gaining military personnel.
Scope and Methodology:
The federal rental housing programs in our scope include the Department
of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD) public housing, Housing Choice
Voucher, and project-based Section 8 programs; the Department of
Agriculture's (USDA) Section 515 Rural Rental Housing Loans and Section
521 Rural Rental Assistance programs; and the Low-Income Housing Tax
Credit (LIHTC) and tax-exempt multifamily housing bond programs, which
are jointly administered by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) of the
Department of the Treasury (Treasury) and the states.[Footnote 32]
To determine how excluding BAH would have affected the eligibility of
active-duty servicemember households receiving BAH as of December 2005,
we compared the incomes of servicemembers who received BAH in December
2005 with the federal rental housing programs' income limits in effect
at that time.[Footnote 33] We obtained personnel and pay data from the
Department of Defense's (DOD) Active Duty Personnel Master and Active
Duty Pay files for December 2005.[Footnote 34] We analyzed data on
702,975 active-duty servicemembers who received BAH payments that
month. We calculated servicemembers' annual incomes on the basis of
their December 2005 payments for basic pay; BAH; Basic Allowance for
Subsistence; and, where applicable, a cost-of-living adjustment for
servicemembers in certain high-cost areas. We assumed that these
elements of military pay were servicemembers' sole sources of household
income because data on other income sources, such as spousal income,
were unavailable.[Footnote 35] However, we analyzed how other sources
of income might have reduced servicemembers' eligibility by calculating
the median additional annual income needed before married
servicemembers' families would have exceeded the income eligibility
limit.[Footnote 36]
To assess the reliability of the data used in our analysis, we
interviewed DOD officials who were familiar with the data, reviewed
relevant documentation, and tested the data for missing and apparently
erroneous values. DOD provided data on 708,548 active-duty members of
the Departments of the Army, Navy and Air Force and the Marine Corps.
On the basis of our tests of these data, we excluded 5,573 (about 0.8
percent) records because we could not match the servicemembers' zip
codes to the geographic areas for which income limits were defined,
because data on family size were missing, or because anomalies in the
monthly pay data prevented us from calculating an annual income
amount.[Footnote 37] As a result, our servicemember population was
702,975 for this analysis. We concluded that these data were
sufficiently reliable for our purposes. Nonetheless, our analysis was
limited because it provided a snapshot of servicemembers' potential
eligibility to apply for the programs on the basis of their incomes in
December 2005. We could not predict the effects of a future change in
income determinations, because potential changes in servicemembers'
incomes or duty locations and annual adjustments to programs' income
limits would also affect eligibility.
To determine the programmatic and market factors that could affect
eligible servicemembers' participation in the programs in selected
communities gaining military personnel, we interviewed and reviewed
relevant documentation from military installation officials; rental
housing program officials (including officials from HUD and USDA field
offices, public housing authorities, and state housing finance
agencies); and local government or community organization
representatives in four communities near installations that will gain
military personnel as a result of the 2005 base realignment and closure
(BRAC) process or other military initiatives. We selected Fort Benning,
Georgia; Fort Bliss, Texas; Fort Drum, New York; and Fort Riley,
Kansas. We selected these installations on the basis of their expected
net gains of military personnel and preliminary information indicating
that the surrounding communities had initiated planning to address the
housing needs of incoming servicemembers.[Footnote 38] We also sought a
balance between urban and rural locations. Our selection of four Army
installations reflects that this service generally expected the largest
personnel gains. We visited the Fort Riley, Kansas, area and contacted
the other areas by telephone. We cannot generalize the information from
these four installations to all installations that will gain military
personnel. In addition to our local contacts, we also discussed factors
that affect the use of federal rental housing programs with
headquarters officials at the Army, DOD, HUD, USDA, IRS, and Treasury.
We conducted our work in Washington, D.C; Arlington, Virginia; and
Junction City and Manhattan, Kansas, between November 2005 and July
2006, in accordance with generally accepted government auditing
standards.
[End of section]
Appendix II: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense:
Office Of The Under Secretary Of Defense:
4000 Defense Pentagon:
Washington, D.C. 20301-4000:
Jul 19 2006:
Mr. David G. Wood, Director,
Financial Markets and Community Investments:
U.S. Government Accountability Office:
441 G Street N. W.
Washington, D.C. 20548.
Dear Mr. Wood:
This is the Department of Defense response to the GAO report 06-784,
'Rental Housing Programs: Excluding Servicemembers' Housing Allowances
from Income Determinations Would Increase Eligibility, but Other
Factors May Limit Program Use,' dated June 12, 2006 (GAO Code 250264).
Our proposed general comments to the draft report are enclosed. My
point of contact for this matter is Dr. Saul Pleeter, telephone number
703-695-9371. Although there are no recommendations for the Department,
we appreciate the opportunity to respond to the report.
Signed by:
William J. Carr:
Acting Deputy Under Secretary:
(Military Personnel Policy):
Enclosures: As stated:
Department Of Defense Comments GAO Draft Report GAO Code 250264/GAO-06-
784:
Subject: GAO Draft Report, "Rental Housing Programs: Excluding Service
members' Housing Allowances from Income Determinations Would Increase
Eligibility, but Other Factors May Limit Program Use," dated June 12,
2006 (GAO Code 250264/GAO-06-784):
General Comments:
Service members are provided a Basic Allowance for Housing (BAH) that
is based upon current market rents and generates allowances equivalent
to the median cost of housing in that local area. Allowances vary by
pay grade and whether the member has dependents and rates are designed
to provide members with the same quality and quantity of housing that
their civilian counterparts can afford. In general, the BAH does an
excellent job of accomplishing this objective. There are however,
situations in which it is difficult for members to find adequate
housing. Largely, these instances are the result of substantial changes
in either the supply and/or demand for housing in a local area. An
extreme example of such a change would be the destruction of the
housing stock resulting from Hurricane Katrina. If a housing shortage
were to 'suddenly' appear, either through a reduction in supply or an
increase in demand, such as would occur from a base realignment, newly
arrived members would have a difficult time finding adequate housing.
BAH rates would increase with rental rates to allow members to be
competitive in bidding for the scarce housing, but, practically
speaking, members, as well as civilians, would have to move farther out
or purchase less or more housing than they otherwise would want. This
disequilibrium would continue until the market - driven by higher than
market rents --has had the time to adjust.
Another fundamentally different situation in which the member may have
difficulty finding adequate housing occurs when a junior member with a
large number of dependents looks for larger housing. Since the BAH is
not a function of the number of dependents, and is based upon average
size families, a member that requires a large amount of housing would
probably seek housing on-base or devote an increased share of their
budget to housing. A third option would be to seek assisted or low-
income housing, on the same terms as his/her private sector
counterpart.
The difference between the two situations is that the former is driven
by sudden changes in the supply and/or demand for rental housing while
the latter is the result of personal decisions made by an individual.
Individuals with large families and limited incomes are eligible for
federal and state programs that subsidize housing and, in our view;
military members should also be eligible for this subsidy under the
exact same terms as their civilian counterparts. Any preference given
to a military member, such as not counting a portion of the member's
income, necessarily is at the expense of a civilian that is, in an
income sense, more deserving.
The objective of this paper, to examine the implications of excluding
the BAH from income determination for federal rental housing programs
is, in effect, trying to solve a problem generated by a sudden change
in demand and/or supply - the former problem --by giving preference to
military members to apply for federally subsidized housing - the latter
problem. Not counting the BAH might inappropriately stimulate the
supply of subsidized housing, transfer existing scarce resources from
low-income civilians to the military and conceivably generate ill-will
among civilians toward the military.
A broader objective of the study should be to look at ways in which a
sufficient supply of rental housing can be provided to service members.
As the GAO report shows, arbitrarily reducing military incomes by
excluding BAH will make more members eligible for federal rental
housing programs, but may not have the desired effect of increasing the
supply of such housing. While it is practically certain that the market
will respond to the housing shortage, perhaps a 'better' issue to
examine is the ways in which the government can assist the private
market in responding to the shortages in the most effective way.
Although the GAO Report did not make any recommendations, we feel it is
important to make the distinction.
[End of section]
Appendix III: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments:
GAO Contact:
David G. Wood, (202) 512-8678 or WoodD@gao.gov:
Staff Acknowledgments:
In addition to the contact named above, Steve Westley, Assistant
Director; Julianne Stephens Dieterich; Alison Martin; Bettye
Massenburg; John McGrail; John Mingus; Marc Molino; David Pittman; and
Barbara Roesmann made key contributions to this report.
(250264):
FOOTNOTES
[1] The LIHTC program was established in 1986 to spur the production of
rental housing for lower-income households at rents they can afford.
Tax-credit units are financed in part by investors who receive federal
income tax credits. In exchange, the units are restricted to households
with incomes below certain limits for a fixed number of years.
[2] Generally, these programs make up the difference between 30 percent
of tenants' adjusted incomes and an existing unit's total rent.
[3] H.R. 3186, which was introduced on June 30, 2005, would exclude BAH
from being treated as income for the purposes of determining
eligibility for any HUD or other federal housing assistance program.
[4] H.R. Conf. Rep. No. 109-307, at 131 (2005); S. Rep. No. 109-109, at
152 (2005).
[5] We selected two rural (Fort Drum and Fort Riley) and two urban
(Fort Benning and Fort Bliss) installations on the basis of their
expected military personnel gains and indications that the surrounding
communities had initiated planning to address the housing needs of
incoming servicemembers.
[6] Congress developed the concept of "regular military compensation"
to compare military and civilian compensation. Regular military
compensation includes basic pay, BAH, the Basic Allowance for
Subsistence, and the federal income tax advantage that accrues because
the allowances are not subject to federal income tax. The tax advantage
is the additional income military personnel would have to earn to
receive their current take-home pay if the allowances were taxed.
Because federal rental housing programs do not consider the value of
the tax advantage when determining eligibility, we did not factor it
into our analysis.
[7] GAO, Military Personnel: Active Duty Benefits Reflect Changing
Demographics, but Opportunities Exist to Improve, GAO-02-935
(Washington, D.C.: Sept. 18, 2002). This report describes the types of
military pay, allowances, bonuses, and benefits.
[8] Privatized housing normally is located on military installations.
Private developers own, operate, and maintain the housing. As do
families who live in private housing in the local community, families
in privatized housing use their BAH to pay rent and typical utility
costs. Families and servicemembers without dependents in military-owned
housing receive housing and utilities in lieu of BAH.
[9] GAO, Military Housing: Management Issues Require Attention as
Privatization Program Matures, GAO-06-438 (Washington, D.C.: Apr. 28,
2006). This report is the latest in a series of GAO reports on DOD's
housing privatization program.
[10] Pub. L. No. 107-107, Title XXX (Dec. 28, 2001).
[11] Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission, 2005 Defense Base
Closure and Realignment Commission Report to the President (Washington,
D.C.: Sept. 8, 2005).
[12] Although this report focuses on the housing needs of
servicemembers near growing installations, civilians would also be
affected by any housing shortages or other changes in housing market
conditions that resulted from installation growth. In addition,
problems of housing availability could affect urban, as well as rural,
communities.
[13] The HUD regulation (24 C.F.R. § 5.609) implements a provision of
the United States Housing Act of 1937, as amended, which broadly
defines "income," for the purposes of public housing, project-based
Section 8, and Housing Choice Vouchers, as income from all sources from
each member of a household (42 U.S.C. § 1437 a(b)(4)). By statute,
USDA's Section 515 Rural Rental Housing Loans and Section 521 Rural
Rental Assistance programs and IRS's LIHTC and tax-exempt multifamily
housing bond programs also follow HUD's method of calculating income (§
515(q) of the Housing Act of 1949, as amended (42 U.S.C. § 1485(q)) and
§ 42(g)(4) and § 142(d)(2)(B) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as
amended (26 U.S.C. § 42(g)(4) and § 142(d)(2)(B))). HUD's HOME
Investment Partnerships program--which provides funds to states and
localities for construction or rehabilitation of affordable housing,
rental assistance, and homeownership assistance--allows participating
jurisdictions to use one of three income definitions, including this
regulatory definition.
[14] HUD annually estimates median incomes for metropolitan areas and
nonmetropolitan counties. By definition, half of the households within
an area have incomes below the median, and half have incomes above it.
[15] Although the very low income limit (household income at or below
50 percent of AMI) generally applies to Housing Choice Voucher
applicants, the program admits some new tenants with low incomes on an
exception basis. However, at least 75 percent of new participants each
year must have extremely low incomes. (Similarly, each year, at least
40 percent of new participants in public housing and project-based
Section 8 must have extremely low incomes.)
[16] U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy
Development and Research, Affordable Housing Needs: A Report to
Congress on the Significant Need for Housing (Washington, D.C.:
December 2005).
[17] We used the 50 percent of AMI limit because it generally applies
to HUD's Housing Choice Voucher program and other federal rental
housing programs, as well as to tax-credit properties that set aside
units for households at this income level.
[18] The 60 percent of AMI limit only applies to properties financed
with tax-credits or tax-exempt multifamily housing bonds that set aside
units for households at this income level.
[19] We calculated the annual incomes of 702,975 servicemembers who
were receiving BAH, using their December 2005 payments for basic pay;
BAH; BAS; and, where applicable, a cost-of-living adjustment for
servicemembers in high-cost areas. We compared their 2005 military pay
with the program income limits that were in effect at the end of 2005.
Because we did not have data on other sources of income, such as
spousal pay, we assumed that the servicemembers' military pay was the
only source of household income. Our analysis cannot be used to
determine the specific impact of a future change in income
determinations. Changes in servicemembers' incomes or duty locations
and annual adjustments to programs' income limits would affect their
future eligibility.
[20] Figure 3 shows that some servicemembers without dependents (i.e.,
a family size of one) who were receiving BAH also would have been
eligible for the programs. Junior enlisted members without dependents
who were required to live in barracks were not included in our analysis
because they did not receive BAH.
[21] As previously noted, servicemembers can earn various types of
special pay, allowances, and bonuses (e.g., additional pay for certain
skills, such as proficiency in a foreign language).
[22] Pub. L. No. 109-163 (37 U.S.C. § 403(b)).
[23] Although the community officials that we contacted focused on a
potential role for the LIHTC program, tax-exempt multifamily housing
bonds also could be used to help finance new rental housing. Like the
LIHTC program, the tax-exempt bond program requires properties to set
aside a minimum percentage of units for households at the 50 percent or
60 percent of AMI limit, but it generally does not require them to
restrict rents. However, properties financed with bonds may have to
restrict units' rents if they also participate in other federal rental
housing programs with such requirements, including the LIHTC program.
[24] If a project receives 50 percent or more of its financing through
tax-exempt multifamily housing bonds, it does not have to compete to
receive credits through the LIHTC program, and those credits do not
count against the state's annual tax-credit allocation. Such projects
receive fewer credits than those that compete for an allocation.
However, states can issue only a limited volume of tax-exempt bonds, so
projects would still have to compete for bond financing.
[25] We did not evaluate how these factors might affect the prospects
for using the LIHTC program in the four communities, nor could we
generalize about their applicability in other communities. Rather, this
information is intended to illustrate factors that might make it more
or less likely that developers would use the LIHTC program to address
housing needs near growing installations.
[26] We did not collect data on development costs in these communities
or evaluate the feasibility of market-rate development.
[27] The Section 515 Rural Rental Housing Loans program also finances
new rental housing, but the loans are available only in USDA-eligible
rural areas (generally towns no larger than 20,000 people), and USDA
annually designates a limited number of these communities to receive
loans for new construction. Because the program now finances relatively
few new units, we focused on the availability of existing Section 515
units.
[28] HUD and USDA offices do not maintain information on which
properties in the project-based Section 8, Section 515, or Section 521
programs have waiting lists or the length of wait times. However, HUD
field office officials generally described the four communities'
project-based Section 8 properties for families as fully occupied or
nearly so. USDA officials reported that some Section 515 properties
near rural Fort Drum and Fort Riley had vacancies, while others were
fully occupied and had waiting lists.
[29] Installations can accommodate some servicemembers with large
families who had difficulty finding suitable and affordable housing
through a federal rental housing program or on their own. For example,
DOD and installation officials described instances where installations
had modified military-owned or privatized family housing units (e.g.,
merging two units). However, such units would not necessarily be
readily available because of the generally limited amount of military-
owned and privatized housing.
[30] We used 2003 and 2004 data from HUD's Public and Indian Housing
Information Center to estimate the median income of voucher recipients
at the beginning of 2006. We assessed these data and concluded that
they were sufficiently reliable for our purposes.
[31] Each year, at least 75 percent of new Housing Choice Voucher
recipients and at least 40 percent of new public housing and project-
based Section 8 residents must have extremely low incomes.
[32] We excluded HUD's multifamily mortgage insurance programs from our
scope because they do not impose income eligibility requirements on
tenants (although insured properties may also participate in other
federal programs that do impose such requirements). We also excluded
HUD's Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly and Section 811
Supportive Housing for the Disabled programs because they generally
would not be relevant to active-duty servicemembers. We also excluded
USDA's small Section 538 program, which guarantees mortgages on
multifamily properties in rural areas.
[33] HUD publishes the 50 percent of area median income limits, which
vary by location and family size. Consistent with IRS guidance for the
LIHTC and tax-exempt multifamily housing bond programs, we also used
these published limits to calculate the 60 percent of area median
income limits. We then used zip codes and family sizes as of December
2005 to determine the applicable income limit for each servicemember.
[34] DOD's Defense Manpower Data Center provided us with the personnel
and pay files.
[35] In addition to the military pay elements that we considered, some
servicemembers also received additional military allowances, special
types of pay, or bonuses. However, we excluded such payments from our
analysis because we lacked a reliable method to estimate the total
amount of other military pay received in 2005 using data from a single
month.
[36] With BAH included and excluded when determining income, we
calculated the difference between servicemembers' annual incomes and
both the 50 percent and 60 percent of area median income limits for all
servicemembers.
[37] A correction to an overpayment in a previous month can result in a
negative value for an element of monthly pay. We excluded negative
values because they would tend to understate servicemembers' actual
annual income and, in turn, overstate their eligibility to apply for
federal rental housing programs.
[38] We used data on the expected net gains in military personnel from
the following 2005 report that was approved by the President and
Congress: Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission, 2005 Defense
Base Closure and Realignment Commission Report to the President
(Washington, D.C.: Sept. 8, 2005). Forts Benning, Bliss, and Riley are
among the installations gaining the most military personnel through the
BRAC process. In addition, Fort Drum is gaining military personnel as a
result of the Army's initiative to change its force structure.
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