Mass Transit
Status of New Starts Program and Potential for Bus Rapid Transit Projects Gao ID: GAO-02-840T June 20, 2002The Federal Transportation Administration's (FTA) New Starts Program helps pay for designing and constructing rail, bus, and trolley projects through full funding grant agreements. The Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21), authorized $6.1 billion in "guaranteed" funding for the New Starts program through fiscal year 2003. Although the level of New Starts funding is higher than ever, the demand for these resources is also extremely high. Given this high demand for new and expanded transit facilities across the nation, communities need to examine approaches that stretch the federal and local dollar yet still provide high quality transit services. Although FTA has been faced with an impending transit budget crunch for several years, it is likely to end the TEA-21 authorization period with $310 million in unused New Starts commitment authority if its proposed fiscal year 2003 budget is enacted. Bus Rapid Transit is designed to provide major improvements in the speed and reliability of bus service through barrier-separated busways, buses on High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes, or improved service on arterial streets. GAO found that Bus Rapid Transit was a less expensive and more flexible approach than Light Rail service because buses can be rerouted more easily to accommodate changing travel patterns. However, transit officials also noted that buses have a poor public image. As a result, many transit planners are designing Bus Rapid Transit systems that offer service that will be an improvement over standard bus service (see GAO-02-603).
GAO-02-840T, Mass Transit: Status of New Starts Program and Potential for Bus Rapid Transit Projects
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GAO: Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Highways and Transit,
Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of
Representatives:
For Release on Delivery Expected at 2:00 p.m. EDT Thursday, June 20,
2002:
Statement of John H. Anderson, Jr., Managing Director, Physical
Infrastructure Issues:
GAO-02-840T:
Mr. Chairman and Members of the Subcommittee,
We appreciate the opportunity to testify today on the Federal Transit
Administration‘s (FTA) efforts to help fund transit projects. As you
know, since the early 1970s, the federal government has provided a
large share of the nation‘s capital investment in urban mass
transportation. Much of this investment has come through FTA‘s New
Starts program, [Footnote 1] which helps pay for designing and
constructing certain rail, bus, and trolley projects through full
funding grant agreements. [Footnote 2] The maximum amount of federal
funds available to a project cannot exceed 80 percent of the estimated
net cost. The Transportation Equity Act for the 21 ST CENTURY (TEA-21),
[Footnote 3] enacted in 1998, authorized about $6.1 billion in
’guaranteed“ [Footnote 4] funding for the New Starts program through
fiscal year 2003. Although the level of New Starts funding is higher
than it has ever been, the demand for these resources is also extremely
high. TEA-21 identified over 190 projects nationwide as eligible to
compete for New Starts funding and directed FTA to prioritize projects
for funding by evaluating, rating, and recommending potential projects
on the basis of specific financial and project justification criteria.
We are here today to discuss the federal government‘s support for
constructing or extending transit systems through FTA‘s New Starts
Program and the availability of lower cost mass transit approaches.
Given the high demand for new and expanded transit facilities across
the nation, communities need to examine approaches that stretch the
federal and local dollar yet still provide high quality transit
services for the public. My testimony today summarizes the results of
our recent reports [Footnote 5] on (1) the status of the New Starts
program, and (2) the potential of Bus Rapid Transit systems as an
option for transit agencies to consider.
In summary:
*Although FTA has been faced with an impending transit budget crunch
for
several years, it is likely to end the TEA-21 authorization period with
about $310 million in unused New Starts commitment authority if its
proposed fiscal year 2003 budget is enacted. [Footnote 6] This is a
result of several factors: (1) in fiscal year 2001, the Congress
substantially increased FTA‘s authority to commit future federal funds,
thus allowing FTA to commit an additional $500 million to transit
projects beyond the TEA-21 authorization period; (2) in fiscal year
2002, FTA stopped providing funding for projects in preliminary
engineering activities, which freed up about $150 million per year for
projects; and (3) FTA released $157 million committed to a suspended
project and funded fewer projects than anticipated in fiscal years 2002
and 2003 by applying stricter eligibility criteria. Despite the
likelihood of ending the TEA-21 period with unused commitment
authority, FTA‘s current commitments, plus several projects that are
likely to receive grant agreements soon, could significantly limit the
funding of future projects. This could create an even more competitive
environment for future New Starts projects seeking approval and funding
than in the recent past. The administration and others have proposed
limiting the amount of federal funds for New Starts projects to less
than 80 percent in order to fund more projects; however, the effect of
such a reduction on proposed projects is unclear at this time.
*Bus Rapid Transit is a promising approach to providing improved
transit
service at a lower capital cost. Bus Rapid Transit is designed to
provide major improvements in the speed and reliability of bus service
through barrier-separated busways, buses on High-Occupancy Vehicle
(HOV) Lanes, or improved service on arterial streets. Our 2001 report
on Bus Rapid Transit compared existing Bus Rapid Transit service in the
United States with existing Light Rail systems [Footnote 7] and found
that Bus Rapid Transit service generally had lower capital costs. The
capital costs of Bus Rapid Transit in the cities we reviewed averaged
$13.5 million per mile for busways, $9.0 million per mile for buses on
HOV lanes, and $680,000 per mile for buses on city streets, when
adjusted to 2000 dollars. [Footnote 8] For Light Rail lines, capital
costs averaged about $34.8 million per mile, ranging from $12.4 million
to $118.8 million per mile, when adjusted to 2000 dollars. [Footnote 9]
In cities we reviewed that had both types of service, neither Bus Rapid
Transit nor Light Rail had a consistent advantage in terms of operating
costs. In general, we found that Bus Rapid Transit compared favorably
to Light Rail systems in terms of operating speed and ridership
capacity. Bus Rapid Transit provides a more flexible approach than
Light Rail because buses can be rerouted more easily to accommodate
changing travel patterns to eliminate transfers; operate on busways,
HOV lanes and city arterial streets; and new routes can be implemented
in stages. Transit officials believed that because Light Rail is
permanent in a given corridor it could influence economic development
over time, justifying its higher capital cost. However, transit
officials also noted that buses have a poor public image. As a result,
many transit planners are designing Bus Rapid Transit systems that
offer service that will be an improvement over standard bus service.
Background:
To obtain a full funding grant agreement, a project must first progress
through a local or regional review of alternatives, develop preliminary
engineering plans, and obtain FTA‘s approval for final design.
[Footnote 10]0 TEA-21 requires that FTA evaluate projects against
’project justification“ and ’local financial commitment“ criteria
contained in the act (see fig. 1). FTA assesses the project
justification and technical merits of a project proposal by reviewing
the project‘s mobility improvements, environmental benefits, cost-
effectiveness, and operating efficiencies. In assessing a project‘s
local financial commitment, FTA assesses the project‘s finance plan for
evidence of stable and dependable financing sources to construct,
maintain, and operate the proposed system or extension.
Figure 1: FTA‘s New Starts Evaluation and Rating Process:
[A] The local share is the percentage of a project‘s capital cost to be
funded from sources other than federal funds.
[B] According to FTA, this optional criterion gives grantees the
opportunity to provide additional information about a project that may
add confidence of the project‘s overall success.
Source: FTA.
Although FTA‘s evaluation requirements existed prior to TEA-21, the act
requires FTA to (1) develop a rating for each criterion as well as an
overall rating of ’highly recommended,“ ’recommended,“ or ’not
recommended“ and use these evaluations and ratings in approving
projects‘ advancement toward obtaining grant agreements; and (2) issue
regulations on the evaluation and rating process. TEA-21 also directs
FTA to use these evaluations and ratings to decide which projects to
recommend to the Congress for funding in a report due each February.
These funding recommendations are also reflected in DOT‘s annual budget
proposal. In the annual appropriations act for DOT, the Congress
specifies the amounts of funding for individual New Starts projects.
Historically, federal capital funding for transit systems, including
the New Starts program, has largely supported rail systems. Under TEA-
21 the FTA Capital Program has been split 40 percent/40 percent/20
percent among New Starts, Rail Modernization, and Bus Capital grants.
Although fixed- guideway bus projects are eligible under the New Starts
program, relatively few bus-related projects are now being funded under
this program.
Status of the New Starts Program:
Although FTA has been faced with an impending transit budget crunch for
several years, the agency is likely to end the TEA-21 authorization
period with about $310 million in unused commitment authority if its
proposed fiscal year 2003 budget is enacted. This will occur for
several reasons. First, in fiscal year 2001, the Congress substantially
increased FTA‘s authority to commit future federal funding (referred to
as contingent commitment authority). This allowed FTA to make an
additional $500 million in future funding commitments. Without this
action, FTA would have had insufficient commitment authority to fund
all of the projects ready for a grant agreement. Second, to preserve
commitment authority for future projects, FTA did not request any
funding for preliminary engineering activities in the fiscal year 2002
and 2003 budget proposals. According to FTA, it had provided an average
of $150 million a year for fiscal years 1998 through 2001 for projects‘
preliminary engineering activities. Third, FTA took the following
actions
that had the effect of slowing the commitment of funds or making funds
available for reallocation:
*FTA tightened its review of projects‘ readiness and technical
capacity.
[Footnote 11]1 As a result, FTA recommended fewer projects for funding
than expected for fiscal years 2002 and 2003. For example, only 2 of
the 14 projects that FTA officials estimated last year would be ready
for grant agreements are being proposed for funding commitments in
fiscal year 2003.
*FTA increased its available commitment authority by $157 million by
releasing amounts associated with a project in Los Angeles for which
the federal funding commitment had been withdrawn. [Footnote 12]2:
Although the New Starts program will likely have unused commitment
authority through fiscal year 2003, the carry-over commitments from
existing grant agreements that will need to be funded during the next
authorization period are substantial. FTA expects to enter the period
likely covered by the next authorization (fiscal years 2004 through
2009) [Footnote 13]3 with over $3 billion in outstanding New Starts
grant commitments. In addition, FTA has identified five projects
estimated to cost $2.8 billion that will likely be ready for grant
agreements in the next 2 years. If these projects receive grant
agreements and the total authorization for the next program is $6.1
billion---the level authorized under TEA-21--most of those funds will
be committed early in the authorization period, leaving numerous New
Starts projects in the pipeline facing bleak federal funding
possibilities.
Some of the projects anticipated for the next authorization are so
large they could have considerable impact on the overall New Starts
program. For example, the New York Long Island Railroad East Side
Access project may extend through multiple authorization periods. The
current cost estimate for the East Side Access project is $4.4 billion,
including a requested $2.2 billion in New Starts funds. By way of
comparison, the East Side Access project would require about three
times the total and three times the federal funding of the Bay Area
Rapid Transit District Airport Extension project, which at about $1.5
billion was one of the largest projects under TEA-21.
In order to manage the increasing demand for New Starts funding,
several proposals have been made to limit the amount of New Starts
funds that could be applied to a project, allowing more projects to
receive funding. For instance, the President‘s fiscal year 2002 budget
recommended that federal New Starts funding be limited to 50 percent of
project costs starting in fiscal year 2004. (Currently, New Starts
funding--and all federal funding--is capped at 80 percent.) [Footnote
14]4 A 50 percent New Starts cap would, in part, reflect a pattern that
has emerged in the program. Currently, few projects are asking for the
maximum 80 percent federal New Starts share, and many have already
significantly increased the local share in order to be competitive
under the New Starts program. In the last 10 years, the New Starts
share for projects with grant agreements has been averaging about 50
percent. In April 2002, we estimated that a 50 percent cap on the New
Starts share for projects with signed full funding grant agreements
would have reduced the federal commitments to these projects by $650
million. Federal highway funds such as Congestion Mitigation and Air
Quality funds can still be used to bring the total federal funding up
to 80 percent. However, because federal highway funds are controlled by
the states, using these funds for transit projects necessarily requires
state-transit district cooperation. The potential effect of changing
the federal share is not known. Whether a larger local match for
transit projects could discourage local planners from supporting
transit is unknown, but local planners have expressed this concern.
According to transit officials, some projects could accommodate a
higher local match, but others would have to be modified, or even
terminated. Another possibility is that transit agencies may look more
aggressively for ways to contain project costs or search for lower cost
transit options.
Bus Rapid Transit Shows Promise as a Means for Expanding Transit at a
Lower Capital Cost:
With demand high for New Starts funds, a greater emphasis on lower cost
options may help expand the benefits of federal funding for mass
transit; Bus Rapid Transit shows promise in this area. Bus Rapid
Transit involves coordinated improvements in a transit system‘s
infrastructure, equipment, operations, and technology that give
preferential treatment to buses on urban roadways. Bus Rapid Transit is
not a single type of transit system; rather, it encompasses a variety
of approaches, including 1) using buses on exclusive busways; or 2)
buses sharing HOV lanes with other vehicles; and 3) improving bus
service on city arterial streets. Busways--special roadways designed
for the exclusive use of buses--can be totally separate roadways or
operate within highway rights-of-way separated from other traffic by
barriers. Buses on HOV-lanes operate on limited-access highways
designed for long-distance commuters. Bus Rapid Transit on Busways or
HOV lanes is sometimes characterized by the addition of extensive park
and ride facilities along with entrance and exit access for these
lanes. Bus Rapid Transit systems using arterial streets may include
lanes reserved for the exclusive use of buses and street enhancements
that speed buses and improve service. During the review of Bus Rapid
Transit systems that we completed last year, we found at least 17
cities in the United States were planning to incorporate aspects of Bus
Rapid Transit into their operations.
FTA has begun to support the Bus Rapid Transit concept and expand
awareness of new ways to design and operate high capacity Bus Rapid
Transit systems as an alternative to building Light Rail systems.
Because Light Rail systems operate in both exclusive and shared right-
of-way environments, the limits on their length and the frequency of
service are stricter than heavy rail systems. [Footnote 15]5 Light Rail
systems have gained popularity as a lower-cost option to heavy rail
systems, and since 1980, Light Rail systems have opened in 13 cities.
Our September 2001 report showed that all three types of Bus Rapid
Transit systems generally had lower capital costs than Light Rail
systems. On a per mile basis, the Bus Rapid Transit projects that we
reviewed cost less on average to build than the Light Rail projects, on
a per mile basis. We examined 20 Bus Rapid Transit lines and 18 Light
Rail lines and found Bus Rapid Transit capital costs averaged $13.5
million per mile for busways, $9.0 million per mile for buses on HOV
lanes, and $680,000 per mile for buses on city streets, when adjusted
to 2000 dollars. [Footnote 16]6 For the 18 Light Rail lines, capital
costs averaged about $34.8 million per mile, ranging from $12.4 million
to $118.8 million per mile, when adjusted to 2000 dollars. On a capital
cost per mile basis, the three different types of Bus Rapid Transit
systems have average capital costs that are 39 percent, 26 percent, and
2 percent of the average cost of the Light Rail systems we reviewed.
The higher capital costs per mile for Light Rail systems are
attributable to several factors. First, the Light Rail systems contain
elements not required in the Bus Rapid Transit systems, such as train
signal, communications, and electrical power systems with overhead
wires to deliver power to trains. Light Rail also requires additional
materials needed for the guideway--rail, ties, and track ballast. In
addition, if a Light Rail maintenance facility does not exist, one must
be built and equipped. Finally, Light Rail vehicles, while having
higher carrying capacity than most buses, also cost more--about $2.5
million each. [Footnote 17]7 In contrast, according to transit industry
consultants, a typical 40-foot transit bus costs about $283,000, and a
higher-capacity bus costs about $420,000. However, buses that
incorporate newer technologies for low emissions or that run on more
than one fuel can cost more than $1 million each.
We also analyzed operating costs for six cities that operated both
Light Rail and some form of Bus Rapid Transit service. [Footnote 18]8
Whether Bus Rapid Transit or Light Rail had lower operating costs
varied considerably from city to city and depended on what cost measure
was used. In general, we did not find a systematic advantage for one
mode over the other on operating costs.
The performance of the Bus Rapid Transit and Light Rail systems can be
comparable. For example, in the six cities we reviewed that had both
types of service, Bus Rapid Transit generally operated at higher
speeds. In addition, the capacity of Bus Rapid Transit systems can be
substantial; we did not see Light Rail having a significant capacity
advantage over Bus Rapid Transit. For example, the highest ridership we
found on a Light Rail line was on the Los Angeles Blue Line, with
57,000 riders per day. The highest Bus Rapid Transit ridership was also
in Los Angeles on the Wilshire-Whittier line, with 56,000 riders per
day. Most Light Rail lines in the United States carry about half the
Los Angeles Blue Line ridership.
Bus Rapid Transit and Light Rail each have a variety of other
advantages and disadvantages. Bus Rapid Transit generally has the
advantages of (1) being more flexible than Light Rail, (2) being able
to phase-in service rather than having to wait for an entire system to
be built, and (3) being used as an interim system until Light Rail is
built. Light Rail has advantages, according to transit officials,
associated with increased economic development and improved community
image, which they believe justify higher capital costs. However,
building a Light Rail system can have a tendency to provide a bias
toward building additional rail lines in the future.
Transit operators with experience in Bus Rapid Transit systems told us
that one of the challenges faced by Bus Rapid Transit is the negative
stigma potential riders attach to buses. Officials from FTA, academia,
and private consulting firms also stated that bus service has a
negative image, particularly when compared with rail service.
Communities may prefer Light Rail systems in part because the public
sees rail as faster, quieter, and less polluting than bus service, even
though Bus Rapid Transit is designed to overcome those problems. FTA
officials said that the poor image of buses was probably the result of
a history of slow bus service due to congested streets, slow boarding
and fare collection, and traffic lights. FTA believes that this
negative image can be improved over time through bus service that
incorporates Bus Rapid Transit features.
Barriers to More Extensive Use of Bus Rapid Transit:
A number of barriers exist to funding improved bus systems such as Bus
Rapid Transit. First, an extensive pipeline of projects already exists
for the New Starts Program. Bus Rapid Transit is a relatively new
concept, and many potential projects have not reached the point of
being ready for funding consideration because many other rail projects
are further along in development. As of March 2002, only 1 of the 29
New Starts projects with existing, pending or proposed grant agreements
uses Bus Rapid Transit, and 1 of the 5 other projects near approval
plans to use Bus Rapid Transit. Some Bus Rapid Transit projects do not
fit the exclusive right-of-way requirements of the New Starts Program
and thus would not be eligible for funding consideration. FTA also
administers a Bus Capital Program with half the funding level of the
New Starts Program; however, the existing Bus Capital Program is made
up of small grants to a large number of recipients, which limits the
program‘s usefulness for funding major projects. Although FTA is
encouraging Bus Rapid Transit through a Demonstration Program, this
program does not provide funding for construction but rather focuses on
obtaining and sharing information on projects being pursued by local
transit agencies. Eleven Bus Rapid Transit projects are associated with
this demonstration program.
In summary, as we approach the end of the TEA-21 authorization period,
there is a long list of potential transit projects vying for limited
New Starts funding. The New Starts program will likely start the next
authorization period with a considerable number of future commitments,
which could significantly increase competition for funding. Bus Rapid
Transit, because of its lower capital costs, has the potential to
expand the benefits of limited federal funding. In addressing their
transportation problems, communities will ultimately formulate
proposals on the basis of a number of factors, including cost;
ridership; environmental impacts; and a community‘s needs, public
attitudes, and perceived ability to obtain federal funding. We believe
that because of its potential merits and cost advantages, Bus Rapid
Transit should be given serious consideration as options are explored
and evaluated.
Mr. Chairman, this concludes my testimony. I would be pleased to answer
any questions you or Members of the Subcommittee may have.
Contacts and Acknowledgments:
For information about this testimony, please contact John Anderson at
(202) 512-2834 or andersonj@gao.gov. This statement is available on
GAO‘s home page at http://www.gao.gov. Individuals making key
contributions to this testimony were Robert Ciszewski, Susan Fleming,
Ron Stouffer, Stacey Thompson, and Glen Trochelman.
FOOTNOTES
[1] Other federal funds available through the Department of
Transportation (DOT) highway and transit programs can be used to
develop, plan, or construct these projects.
[2] A full funding grant agreement establishes the terms and conditions
of federal financial participation in the project and the maximum
amount of federal New Starts financial assistance for the project. The
grant agreement also defines a project‘s scope, including the length of
the system and the number of stations; its schedule, including the date
when the system is expected to open for service; and its cost.
[3] Public Law 105-178 (June 9, 1998).
[4] ’Guaranteed“ funds are subject to a procedural mechanism designed
to ensure that minimum amounts of funding are available each year.
[5] U.S. General Accounting Office, Mass Transit: FTA‘s New Starts
Commitments for Fiscal Year 2003 , GAO-02-603 (Washington, D.C. Apr.
30, 2002); and U.S. General Accounting Office, Mass Transit: Bus Rapid
Transit Shows Promise, GAO-01-984 (Washington, D.C. Sept. 17, 2001).
[6] In calculating the total amount of authority to make funding
commitments, FTA considers the amount of ’guaranteed“ funds provided by
TEA-21 for projects not already approved for a grant agreement plus its
authority to make contingent commitments beyond the current
authorization period, subject to future authorizations and
appropriations.
[7] Light Rail transit is a metropolitan-electric railway system
characterized by its ability to operate in a variety of environments,
such as streets, subways, or elevated structures. Because Light Rail
systems can operate on streets with other traffic, they typically use
an overhead source for their electrical power, and passengers board
from the street or platforms.
[8] Project capital costs typically include the costs to plan, design,
and construct a project.
[9] All costs were adjusted to year 2000 dollars for comparison.
[10] The alternatives analysis stage provides information on the
benefits, costs, and impacts of alternative strategies leading to the
selection of a locally preferred solution to the community‘s mobility
needs. During the preliminary engineering phase, project sponsors
refine the design of the proposal, taking into consideration all
reasonable design alternatives--which results in estimates of costs,
benefits, and impacts. Final design is the last phase of project
development before construction and may include right-of-way
acquisition, utility relocation, and the preparation of final
construction plans and cost estimates.
[11] FTA uses a number of milestones to determine whether a project
is sufficiently developed to be considered for a grant agreement. For
example, FTA determines whether the necessary real estate has been
acquired, utility arrangements have been made, and local funding
sources are in place. According to FTA, this ensures that the project
has no outstanding issues it must address.
[12] We recommended in August 2001 that FTA adopt the practice of
releasing commitment authority attributable to projects for which the
federal funding commitment had been withdrawn and specifically, that it
release the $647 million reserved for two segments of the Los Angeles
project. FTA has proposed a funding commitment for one of the
previously suspended segments (Eastside); however, because the other
suspended segment (Midcity) is not a candidate for a funding commitment
at this time, FTA has released the associated commitment authority,
increasing its available commitment by $157 million.
[13] This assumes that the next authorization period covers 6
years.
[14] According to FTA, total federal participation in any given
transit project would remain capped at 80 percent. The proposed cap
would limit only the percentage of New Starts funds available for
projects. Transit projects could use other federal funds available
(e.g., flexible highway funding) to secure total federal support for up
to 80 percent of the project‘s costs.
[15] Heavy rail transit systems, such as in New York City, Chicago,
and Washington, D.C., are defined by their operation on a totally
separated right-of-way and use a third rail on the ground to power the
trains. Heavy rail systems require platform boarding, typically have
longer distances between stations, and have greater capacity than Light
Rail systems.
[16] Project capital costs typically include the costs to plan,
design, and construct a project.
[17] Generally, the seating capacity of a single Light Rail vehicle
is about 110 passengers; a 40-foot bus can seat about 50 passengers,
and an articulated bus can seat about 70 passengers.
[18] The six cities were Dallas, Denver, Los Angeles,
Pittsburgh, San Diego, and San Jose.
