Airport and Airway Trust Fund
Preliminary Observations on Past, Present, and Future Gao ID: GAO-05-657T May 4, 2005The Airport and Airway Trust Fund (Trust Fund) was established in 1970 to help fund the development of a nationwide airport and airway system and to fund investments in air traffic control facilities. It provides all of the funding for FAA's accounts such as the Airport Improvement Program (AIP), which provides grants for construction and safety projects at airports, the Facilities and Equipment (F&E),which funds technological improvements to the air traffic control system, and the Research, Engineering, and Development (RE&D). In addition, the Trust Fund provides some funding for FAA's operations account. To fund these accounts, the Trust Fund relies on a number of taxes for revenue, including passenger ticket, fuel, and cargo taxes that are paid by passengers and airlines. Since 1970, revenues have generally exceeded expenditures--resulting in a surplus or an uncommitted balance. In 2004, the Trust Fund's year end uncommitted balance was about $2 billion. A number of structural changes in the aviation industry and external events have affected revenues flowing into and out of the Fund and have caused some aviation stakeholders to speculate about the Fund's financial condition. The various taxes that accrue to the Trust Fund are scheduled to expire in 2007. GAO was asked to provide information and analysis about the financial outlook of the Trust Fund.
With the exception of its first four years, the Trust Fund has ended each year with an uncommitted balance; however, the amount of the uncommitted balance has fluctuated and is currently trending downward. In 1991 and 1999, the Trust Fund's uncommitted balance totaled over $7 billion--its highest level. However, in several years, the Trust Fund's balance experienced dramatic decreases resulting in a lower uncommitted balance, in part, because of lapses in the taxes that accrue to the Fund or reductions in demand for air travel. The Trust Fund's uncommitted balance decreased from $7.3 billion in 2001 to $4.8 billion in 2002 and has continued to decrease by about $1 billion each year since. This declining uncommitted balance has been caused by a number of underlying factors, such as reductions in the demand for air travel. Over the next 3 years, the Trust Fund is projected to have sufficient revenue to fund authorized spending and end each year with an uncommitted balance under the current law, referred to as Vision 100, and the President's 2006 budget proposal, as shown below. However, this financial outlook depends on the realization of FAA's forecasted commercial passenger traffic levels and airfares. If revenues are 5 percent lower than projected, as they were in 2001, the Trust Fund's uncommitted balance would be $1.5 billion or lower under both Vision 100 and the President's budget proposal in 2006 and 2007. If the revenues were 10 percent lower than projected, as they were in 2004, the uncommitted balance would reach zero in 2006 under the President's proposal and in 2007 under Vision 100. FAA officials told GAO that if the uncommitted balance reached zero, FAA would still fund air traffic control services but would have to suspend some AIP and F&E activities.
GAO-05-657T, Airport and Airway Trust Fund: Preliminary Observations on Past, Present, and Future
This is the accessible text file for GAO report number GAO-05-657T
entitled 'Airport and Airway Trust Fund: Preliminary Observations on
Past, Present, and Future' which was released on May 4, 2005.
This text file was formatted by the U.S. Government Accountability
Office (GAO) to be accessible to users with visual impairments, as part
of a longer term project to improve GAO products' accessibility. Every
attempt has been made to maintain the structural and data integrity of
the original printed product. Accessibility features, such as text
descriptions of tables, consecutively numbered footnotes placed at the
end of the file, and the text of agency comment letters, are provided
but may not exactly duplicate the presentation or format of the printed
version. The portable document format (PDF) file is an exact electronic
replica of the printed version. We welcome your feedback. Please E-mail
your comments regarding the contents or accessibility features of this
document to Webmaster@gao.gov.
This is a work of the U.S. government and is not subject to copyright
protection in the United States. It may be reproduced and distributed
in its entirety without further permission from GAO. Because this work
may contain copyrighted images or other material, permission from the
copyright holder may be necessary if you wish to reproduce this
material separately.
Testimony:
Before the Subcommittee on Aviation, Committee on Transportation and
Infrastructure, House of Representatives:
United States Government Accountability Office:
GAO:
For Release on Delivery Expected at 10:00 a.m. EDT:
Wednesday, May 4, 2005:
Airport and Airway Trust Fund:
Preliminary Observations on Past, Present, and Future:
Statement of Gerald L. Dillingham, Ph.D., Director, Physical
Infrastructure Issues:
GAO-05-657T:
GAO Highlights:
Highlights of GAO-05-657T, a report to Subcommittee on Aviation, House
Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure:
Why GAO Did This Study:
The Airport and Airway Trust Fund (Trust Fund) was established in 1970
to help fund the development of a nationwide airport and airway system
and to fund investments in air traffic control facilities. It provides
all of the funding for FAA‘s accounts such as the Airport Improvement
Program (AIP), which provides grants for construction and safety
projects at airports, the Facilities and Equipment (F&E),which funds
technological improvements to the air traffic control system, and the
Research, Engineering, and Development (RE&D). In addition, the Trust
Fund provides some funding for FAA‘s operations account. To fund these
accounts, the Trust Fund relies on a number of taxes for revenue,
including passenger ticket, fuel, and cargo taxes that are paid by
passengers and airlines. Since 1970, revenues have generally exceeded
expenditures ”resulting in a surplus or an uncommitted balance. In
2004, the Trust Fund‘s year end uncommitted balance was about $2
billion.
A number of structural changes in the aviation industry and external
events have affected revenues flowing into and out of the Fund and have
caused some aviation stakeholders to speculate about the Fund‘s
financial condition. The various taxes that accrue to the Trust Fund
are scheduled to expire in 2007. GAO was asked to provide information
and analysis about the financial outlook of the Trust Fund.
What GAO Found:
With the exception of its first four years, the Trust Fund has ended
each year with an uncommitted balance; however, the amount of the
uncommitted balance has fluctuated and is currently trending downward.
In 1991 and 1999, the Trust Fund‘s uncommitted balance totaled over $7
billion”its highest level. However, in several years, the Trust Fund‘s
balance experienced dramatic decreases resulting in a lower uncommitted
balance, in part, because of lapses in the taxes that accrue to the
Fund or reductions in demand for air travel. The Trust Fund‘s
uncommitted balance decreased from $7.3 billion in 2001 to $4.8 billion
in 2002 and has continued to decrease by about $1 billion each year
since. This declining uncommitted balance has been caused by a number
of underlying factors, such as reductions in the demand for air travel.
Over the next 3 years, the Trust Fund is projected to have sufficient
revenue to fund authorized spending and end each year with an
uncommitted balance under the current law, referred to as Vision 100,
and the President‘s 2006 budget proposal, as shown below. However, this
financial outlook depends on the realization of FAA‘s forecasted
commercial passenger traffic levels and airfares. If revenues are 5
percent lower than projected, as they were in 2001, the Trust Fund‘s
uncommitted balance would be $1.5 billion or lower under both Vision
100 and the President‘s budget proposal in 2006 and 2007. If the
revenues were 10 percent lower than projected, as they were in 2004,
the uncommitted balance would reach zero in 2006 under the President‘s
proposal and in 2007 under Vision 100. FAA officials told GAO that if
the uncommitted balance reached zero, FAA would still fund air traffic
control services but would have to suspend some AIP and F&E activities.
Trust Fund‘s Projected Year End Uncommitted Balance Under Vision 100
and President‘s 2006 Budget Proposal:
[See PDF for image]
[End of figure]
www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-05-657T.
To view the full product, including the scope
and methodology, click on the link above.
For more information, contact Gerald Dillingham at (202) 512-2834 or
dillinghamg@gao.gov.
[End of section]
Mr. Chairman and Members of the Subcommittee:
We are pleased to be here today to discuss the financial condition of
the Airport and Airway Trust Fund (Trust Fund). The Trust Fund was
established by the Airport and Airway Revenue Act of 1970 (P.L. 91-258)
to help fund the development of a nationwide airport and airway system
and to fund investments in air traffic control facilities. It provides
all or some of the funding for FAA's accounts which include the:
* Airport Improvement Program (AIP), that provides grants for
construction and safety projects at airports,
* Facilities and Equipment (F&E) account that funds technological
improvements to the air traffic control system,
* the Research, Engineering, and Development (RE&D) account, and:
* Operations account.
To fund these accounts, the Trust Fund relies on a number of taxes for
revenue, including passenger ticket, fuel, and cargo taxes, that are
paid by passengers and airlines. In fiscal year 2004, the Trust Fund
received $9.7 billion in revenue and had expenditures of $10.4
billion.[Footnote 1] Although Trust Fund expenditures exceeded revenues
in 2004, since its creation in 1970, revenues have generally exceeded
expenditures--resulting in a surplus or an uncommitted
balance.[Footnote 2] At the end of 2004, the Trust Fund's uncommitted
balance was about $2.4 billion, a decrease of about 67 percent since
2001.[Footnote 3]
A number of structural changes in the aviation industry and external
events have affected revenues flowing into and out of the Trust Fund
and have caused some aviation stakeholders to speculate about the
Fund's financial condition. For example, some aviation stakeholders
believe that there is a reason to be concerned about the financial
condition of the Trust Fund because revenues have not recently kept
pace with expenditures. In contrast, other aviation stakeholders state
that the Trust Fund is healthy because revenues are expected to
continue increasing. The various taxes that accrue to the Trust Fund
are scheduled to expire in 2007.
My statement today is based on our ongoing work on the Trust Fund and
discusses our preliminary observations on the past, present, and future
financial outlook of the Trust Fund. We plan to issue a final report to
this Subcommittee later this year.
Historically, Trust Fund Has Generally Had an Uncommitted Balance but
Recently the Balance Has Started to Trend Downward:
As shown in figure 1, with the exception of its first four years, the
Trust Fund has ended each year with an uncommitted balance; however,
the amount of the uncommitted balance has fluctuated and is currently
trending downward. In 1991 and 1999, the Trust Fund's uncommitted
balance totaled over $7 billion, which represented its highest
amount.[Footnote 4] However, in several years, the Trust Fund's
experienced dramatic decreases resulting in a lower uncommitted
balance. For example, in 1982, the end of year uncommitted balance was
$2.1 billion, and in 1997 it was $1.4 billion because of a lapse in the
taxes that accrue to the Trust Fund. The Trust Fund's uncommitted
balance also decreased from $7.3 billion in 2001 to $4.8 billion in
2002 and has continued to decrease by about $1 billion each year since.
There are a number of reasons for this downward trend, including
changes in the amount of revenue flowing into and out of the Trust
Fund.
Figure 1: Trust Fund's Uncommitted Balance Has Recently Started to
Trend Downward:
[See PDF for image]
[End of figure]
Revenues Have Generally Increased With Some Fluctuations:
The amount of revenues flowing into the Trust Fund has fluctuated from
year to year but has generally trended upward, as shown in figure 2.
The Trust Fund relies on a number of taxes for revenue, including
passenger ticket, fuel, and cargo taxes that are paid by passengers and
airlines. During 1981 and 1982 the amount of revenues including
interest flowing into the Trust Fund averaged $629 million which was
the lowest amount in its history because of a lapse in the collection
of aviation taxes. In contrast, in 1999, revenue flowing into the Trust
Fund totaled $11.1 billion, which was the largest amount in its
history.
Figure 2: Trust Fund Revenues Have Fluctuated but Generally Increased:
[See PDF for image]
[End of figure]
However, after revenues peaked in 1999, the amount of revenue flowing
into the Trust Fund started to trend downward, totaling $9.7 billion in
2004. A number of factors may have contributed to this decrease. For
example, within the airline industry, the growth of the Internet as a
means to sell and distribute tickets, the growth of the low cost
airlines, and fare reductions by legacy carriers all transformed the
industry and led to lower average fares. These lower fares may have
resulted in lower ticket taxes and less revenue into the Trust
Fund.[Footnote 5] In addition, a series of largely unforeseen events,
including the September 11 terrorist attacks, war in Iraq and
associated security concerns, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
(SARS), global recessions, and a steep decline in business travel
seriously reduced the demand for air travel resulting in a sharp
decrease in airline industry revenue.
Trust Fund Expenditures Have Also Increased and Exceeded Revenue in
Some Years:
The amount of funds flowing out of the Trust Fund also has generally
increased since the Fund's inception and has also exceeded revenues in
some years. For example, as shown in figure 3, from 2002 through 2004,
expenditures exceeded revenues by an average of about $938 million, or
about 9 percent.
Figure 3: Expenditures Exceeded Revenues in Some Years:
[See PDF for image]
[End of figure]
As mentioned earlier, the Trust Fund provides all the funding for AIP,
F&E, and RE&D and provides some funding for operations. Trust Fund
expenditures have grown because of increases in both spending for these
accounts and in the amount of FAA operations funded by the Trust Fund.
For example, the amount of funding provided for AIP increased from
about $1.5 billion in 1998 to $3.5 billion in 2005. In addition, as
shown in figure 4, since its inception the Trust Fund has funded some
portion of FAA's operations. In 1972 and 2000, the Trust Fund funded
100 percent of the cost of FAA operations. In 2004, the Trust Fund
funded 60 percent and it is expected to fund 63 percent in 2005.
Figure 4: FAA Operations Cost Funded By Trust Fund and General Fund:
[See PDF for image]
[End of figure]
Projected Trust Fund's Uncommitted Balance Is Positive but Depends on
Realization of Forecasted Passenger Traffic Levels and Airfares:
Over the next 3 years, the Trust Fund is projected to have sufficient
revenue to fund authorized spending and end each year with an
uncommitted balance under Vision 100 and the President's 2006 budget
proposal. However, this financial outlook depends on the realization of
FAA's forecasted commercial passenger traffic levels and airfares. As
shown in figure 5, under the current law--the Century of Aviation
Reauthorization Act (Vision 100)--the Trust Fund's year-end uncommitted
balance is projected to be about $2.6 billion in 2006. Under the
President's proposal, it is projected to be slightly over $1 billion in
2006.
Figure 5: Trust Fund's Projected Uncommitted Balances Under Vision 100
and President's Budget Proposal:
[See PDF for image]
[End of figure]
The primary reason that the Trust Fund's uncommitted balance would be
higher under Vision 100 is that it uses the formula created in the
Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century
(AIR-21) to determine how much funding for FAA Operations should come
from the Trust Fund, and the President's proposal does not. Under AIR-
21, the formula sets the amount of Trust Fund revenue that will be
authorized for FAA Operations in a given year equal to projected Trust
Fund revenues (as specified in the President's budget) minus the
authorizations for AIP, F&E, and RE&D in that year. Thus, under Vision
100, the Trust Fund is projected to support almost $15 billion, or 63
percent of FAA Operations from 2005 through 2007. In contrast, the
President's proposal specifies a set amount of Trust Fund revenue to be
used for FAA Operations. Therefore, if Congress enacts the President's
proposal, the Trust Fund would provide $17.7 billion for FAA Operations
from 2005 through 2007, or about 74 percent of its total estimated
costs for Operations.
In contrast to 2006, in 2007, the Trust Fund's uncommitted balance
would be about $300 million higher under the President's budget
proposal than under Vision 100. According to FAA officials, this is
primarily because of reduced spending for AIP and F&E under the
President's budget proposal.
Although the Trust Fund is projected to have a positive uncommitted
balance from 2005 to 2007 under each of the expenditure proposals, this
projection depends to a significant extent on achieving forecasted
commercial passenger traffic levels and airfares that affect the amount
of revenues flowing into the Trust Fund. We recognize that it is very
difficult to anticipate future events that may significantly affect the
demand for air travel and our analysis shows FAA's projected revenue
forecast exceeds the actual amount of revenue received for four of the
last five years as shown in figure 6. According to FAA officials, the
major reasons why projected revenues were lower than actual revenues is
because forecasted airline yields[Footnote 6] were higher than the
actual yields and aviation activity was below anticipated levels for
the last several years.
Figure 6: Comparison of Forecasted Revenue with Actual Revenue Received:
[See PDF for image]
[End of figure]
Given the difference between the forecasted revenue and actual amount
of revenue received, we conducted sensitivity analyses to estimate what
would happen to the Trust Fund's uncommitted balance if passenger
traffic or yields fall below the levels that FAA projected in November
2004. For example, table 1 shows the projected Trust Fund balances
under Vision 100 and the President's proposal and the impact if
revenues are 5 percent or 10 percent less than currently projected. If
revenues are 5 percent lower than projected, as they were in 2001, the
Trust Fund's uncommitted balance would be $1.5 billion or lower under
both Vision 100 and the President's budget proposal in 2006 and 2007.
However, if the revenues are 10 percent lower than projected, as they
were in 2004, the uncommitted balance would reach zero in 2006 under
the President's proposal and in 2007 under Vision 100.
Table 1: Sensitivity Analysis of the Trust Fund's Uncommitted Balance
to Revenue Shortfalls:
Dollars in millions.
Baseline projections as of November 2004;
Vision 100;
Fiscal year uncommitted balance: 2005: $2,103;
Fiscal year uncommitted balance: 2006: $2,571;
Fiscal year uncommitted balance: 2007: $2,615.
Baseline projections as of November 2004;
President's budget;
Fiscal year uncommitted balance: 2005: $2,103;
Fiscal year uncommitted balance: 2006: $1,195;
Fiscal year uncommitted balance: 2007: $2,937.
If revenues are 5 percent less than projected;
Vision 100;
Fiscal year uncommitted balance: 2005: $1,577;
Fiscal year uncommitted balance: 2006: $1,459;
Fiscal year uncommitted balance: 2007: $855.
If revenues are 5 percent less than projected;
President's budget;
Fiscal year uncommitted balance: 2005: $1,577;
Fiscal year uncommitted balance: 2006: $83;
Fiscal year uncommitted balance: 2007: $1,176.
If revenues are 10 percent less than projected;
Vision 100;
Fiscal year uncommitted balance: 2005: $1,051;
Fiscal year uncommitted balance: 2006: $346;
Fiscal year uncommitted balance: 2007: $0.
If revenues are 10 percent less than projected;
President's budget;
Fiscal year uncommitted balance: 2005: $1,051;
Fiscal year uncommitted balance: 2006: $0;
Fiscal year uncommitted balance: 2007: $0.
Source: GAO analysis of FAA data.
[End of table]
A scenario in which the Trust Fund reaches zero is cause for concern.
According to FAA officials, the elimination or reduction of the Trust
Fund's uncommitted balance could also pose budgetary challenges. For
example, if the Trust Fund's uncommitted balance reached zero in 2006
it might require FAA to make significant spending cuts to aviation
programs currently supported by the Trust Fund unless additional
funding were authorized and appropriated from the General Fund.
According to FAA officials, they would continue to fund air traffic
control services because it is considered an emergency function that
involves the safety of human life. However, to fund air traffic control
services, FAA officials said it would have to suspend activities for
AIP, F&E, and RE&D accounts including some F&E contracts.
Regarding the long-term financial outlook of the Trust Fund, we believe
that it is difficult to project beyond 2007 because the Trust Fund
expires in 2007 and it is unknown if the current tax schedule will
change. In addition, as mentioned earlier, forecasting aviation
activity is difficult in part because of the complexities and
uncertainties associated with anticipating future events that may
affect the demand for air travel. Projecting the long-term financial
outlook of the Trust Fund also requires some consideration of the
planned spending of the programs that it finances.
According to FAA officials, over the next 4 years, there may be an $8.2
billion dollar gap between costs and revenues, which reflects a $5
billion shortfall for operations and $3.2 billion shortfall for capital
development. If this projected gap is realized, our past work suggests
that the cost saving initiatives that FAA has identified will not be
sufficient to close this gap.[Footnote 7] Consequently, additional
reductions will be needed. For example, to meet air traffic controller
staffing needs FAA could consider making greater use of the Air Traffic
Collegiate Training Initiative Program which could save millions of
dollars annually. In addition, FAA could save millions of dollars by
eliminating redundant ground based navigational aids.
Concluding Observations:
Deciding what changes may need to be made to the Trust Fund to help
ensure a safe, efficient, and adequately funded national airspace
system will require some tough choices by Congress and FAA. One of the
critical questions that will need to be addressed is not only the
amount of the Trust Fund's uncommitted balance but also whether the
government has the fiscal capacity to fund current and future Trust
Fund obligations while concurrently addressing the needs of other
competing programs for scarce resources.
FAA and Congress will also have to find a way to better align FAA's
costs with revenue and to better address both the cost and revenue
sides of the ledger. In terms of cost savings, our past work suggests
that the cost saving initiatives that FAA has identified will not be
sufficient to close its projected 4-year cumulative $8.2 billion
shortfall. On the revenue side, this decision-making will include the
consideration of a number of alternatives that have been proposed by
various aviation stakeholders--ranging from increasing the current
taxes that accrue to the Trust Fund to adopting user fees that would be
more cost related--and the trade-offs associated with each. We plan to
review these alternatives as part of our ongoing review of alternative
approaches for funding FAA that we are doing at the request of this
Subcommittee.
This concludes my statement. I would be pleased to answer any questions
that you or other members of the Subcommittee may have.
Contacts and Acknowledgments:
For further information on this testimony, please contact Dr. Gerald
Dillingham at (202) 512-2834 or by email at dillinghamg@gao.gov.
Individuals making key contributions to this testimony include, Jay
Cherlow, Tammy Conquest, Colin Fallon, David Hooper, Maren McAvoy, and
Nicolas Zitelli.
FOOTNOTES
[1] For purposes of this report, we are using the expenditure amount
rather than the appropriated amount. The expenditure amount includes
the amount of funding spent on AIP, F&E, RE&D, and operations and does
not include commitments.
[2] The Trust Fund's uncommitted balance represents money against which
there is no outstanding budget commitment or authority to spend.
[3] All dollar amounts in this testimony are in nominal dollars.
[4] Because of price level increases that reduced the value of a dollar
over time, in terms of purchasing power, the Trust Fund was larger in
1991 than in 1999.
[5] Increased traffic from these lower fares may have offset some of
the decline in tax revenue.
[6] Yields are commonly measured in cents per revenue passenger mile--
with revenue passenger miles being the number of miles revenue
passengers are transported.
[7] U.S. Government Accountability Office, National Airspace System:
Progress and Ongoing Challenges for the Air Traffic Organization, GAO-
05-485T (Washington, D.C.: April 14, 2005).
